воскресенье, 25 января 2015 г.

Dating венера

Are you looking for love? You are welcome!



This is a strictly personalized Romanian matchmaking service. Here we DO NOT sell addresses/ phone numbers to any visitor. We offer you real dates, in our office, with persons who are really interested to know you. We guarantee: the data are real, the photos updated and the persons registered are carefully selected and really motivated to find their mate.



Among the personal ads there are many profiles with hidden pictures, because many persons asked for privacy; however you will be able to see those pictures too, after you will become a subscriber and you will receive a password.



Wish you to find your soul mate here!



Bride. RU Beautiful russian brides every week



Dear team of Bride. ru,



Last year in July me and my lady had our first meeting in Cheboksary.



After a wonderful meeting in Russia and holidays in Egypt, we decided to marry in September 2006.



I am convinced that I could not find anyone better than my beloved wife Nonna!



Now we are a happy couple and can honestly recommend your service to single men and women.



Kind regards,



- Nonna & Michael (Germany)



To The Fantastic People of Bride. ru:



My wife and I recently celebrated our 3rd wedding anniversary and I thank you sincerely because it was through Bride. ru that I met my beautiful bride from Kyrgystan.



I can't empasize enough that Bride. ru is for real and extremely ethical and it is the primary reason I decided to stay with Bride. ru.



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Thank you and godbless.



- Chris and Venera Montanez (San Francsico, CA)



Venus, the jewel of the sky . was once know by ancient astronomers as the morning star and evening star . Early astronomers once thought Venus to be two separate bodies. Venus, which is named after the Roman goddess of love and beauty, is veiled by thick swirling cloud cover.



Astronomers refer to Venus as Earth's sister planet. Both are similar in size, mass, density and volume. Both formed about the same time and condensed out of the same nebula. However, during the last few years scientists have found that the kinship ends here. Venus is very different from the Earth. It has no oceans and is surrounded by a heavy atmosphere composed mainly of carbon dioxide with virtually no water vapor. Its clouds are composed of sulfuric acid droplets. At the surface, the atmospheric pressure is 92 times that of the Earth's at sea-level.



Venus is scorched with a surface temperature of about 482° C (900° F). This high temperature is primarily due to a runaway greenhouse effect caused by the heavy atmosphere of carbon dioxide. Sunlight passes through the atmosphere to heat the surface of the planet. Heat is radiated out, but is trapped by the dense atmosphere and not allowed to escape into space. This makes Venus hotter than Mercury .



A Venusian day is 243 Earth days and is longer than its year of 225 days. Oddly, Venus rotates from east to west. To an observer on Venus, the Sun would rise in the west and set in the east.



Until just recently, Venus' dense cloud cover has prevented scientists from uncovering the geological nature of the surface. Developments in radar telescopes and radar imaging systems orbiting the planet have made it possible to see through the cloud deck to the surface below. Four of the most successful missions in revealing the Venusian surface are NASA's Pioneer Venus mission (1978), the Soviet Union's Venera 15 and 16 missions (1983-1984), and NASA's Magellan radar mapping mission (1990-1994). As these spacecraft began mapping the planet a new picture of Venus emerged.



Venus' surface is relatively young geologically speaking. It appears to have been completely resurfaced 300 to 500 million years ago. Scientists debate how and why this occurred. The Venusian topography consists of vast plains covered by lava flows and mountain or highland regions deformed by geological activity. Maxwell Montes in Ishtar Terra is the highest peak on Venus. The Aphrodite Terra highlands extend almost half way around the equator. Magellan images of highland regions above 2.5 kilometers (1.5 miles) are unusually bright, characteristic of moist soil. However, liquid water does not exist on the surface and cannot account for the bright highlands. One theory suggests that the bright material might be composed of metallic compounds. Studies have shown the material might be iron pyrite (also know as "fools gold"). It is unstable on the plains but would be stable in the highlands. The material could also be some type of exotic material which would give the same results but at lower concentrations.



Venus is scarred by numerous impact craters distrubuted randomly over its surface. Small craters less that 2 kilometers (1.2 miles) are almost non-existent due to the heavy Venusian atmosphere. The exception occurs when large meteorites shatter just before impact, creating crater clusters. Volcanoes and volcanic features are even more numerous. At least 85% of the Venusian surface is covered with volcanic rock. Hugh lava flows, extending for hundreds of kilometers, have flooded the lowlands creating vast plains. More than 100,000 small shield volcanoes dot the surface along with hundreds of large volcanos. Flows from volcanos have produced long sinuous channels extending for hundreds of kilometers, with one extending nearly 7,000 kilometers (4,300 miles).



Giant calderas more than 100 kilometers (62 miles) in diameter are found on Venus. Terrestrial calderas are usually only several kilometers in diameter. Several features unique to Venus include coronae and arachnoids. Coronae are large circular to oval features, encircled with cliffs and are hundreds of kilometers across. They are thought to be the surface expression of mantle upwelling. Archnoids are circular to elongated features similar to coronae. They may have been caused by molten rock seeping into surface fractures and producing systems of radiating dikes and fractures.



Продажа телескопов, микроскопов, биноклей в магазине "ПЛАНЕТАРИЙ"



25 000 руб.



Наблюдения звёздного неба - это лучший способ прикоснуться к загадочным космическим объектам! Вы можете приобрести любительский телескоп и своими глазами увидеть удивительные небесные светила, которые с давних времен завораживали всех людей. Любой инструмент способен показать Вам невероятное количество объектов, которые не доступны невооруженному глазу - это объекты Солнечной системы (Луна, планеты, Солнце и кометы), звёздные скопления, туманности и далекие галактики.



Телескопы - это оптические инструменты, применяемые для увеличения видимых размеров небесных светил и для увеличения плотности энергии, поступающей от небесных светил, и направления ее в приемники излучения или для визуального изучения. В магазинах можно купить инструменты следующих оптических типов: линзовые. зеркальные и зеркально-линзовые. У каждой из этих систем есть свои преимущества и недостатки, но можно смело сказать, что в каждом телескопе будет видно огромное число завораживающих небесных объектов!



Первый астрономический телескоп был создан ещё в 1609 году Галилео Галилеем, и с тех пор астрономические наблюдения вооруженным глазом ведутся постоянно из всех уголков нашей Земли профессиональными астрономами и всеми, кому не безразлично звёздное небо и наше место во Вселенной. И это не удивительно, ведь звёздное небо это одно из чудес, окружающей нас Природы! Не зря говорил римский философ Сенека "Если бы на Земле существовало только одно место, откуда видны были звёзды, к нему бы отовсюду стекались люди". Если бы так случилось в наши времена, то в этом месте Земли было бы огромное скопление людей с телескопами! Но нам повезло, ведь небесные объекты можно наблюдать из любого точки нашей планеты, даже в больших городах, где очень сильна засветка от искусственного освещения, можно наблюдать яркие объекты - Солнце, Луну, планеты (Венеру, Марс, Юпитер, Сатурн) и яркие звёздные скопления и туманности.



С телескопами можно не только проводить ознакомительные наблюдения небосвода, но и вести самые настоящие научные исследования! Даже в наши дни, когда в строю гигантские профессиональные инструменты, с диаметрами зеркал более 10 метров, любители астрономии делают открытия комет, астероидов, новых и переменных звёзд, используя дешевые телескопы, даже по любительским меркам. Конечно, такие исследования более сложны, чем полвека назад, но от того они стали ещё более интересными и увлекательными!



Если Вы не можете определиться с заказом телескопа, рекомендуем Вам ознакомиться со статьей "Как выбрать телескоп?" . которая поможет сделать правильный выбор инструмента. Кроме того, Кроме того, Вы можете получить подробную информацию по телефону или он-лайн у наших консультантов, которые помогут разобраться во всех телескопах и аксессуарах к телескопам.



А если у Вас нет возможности наблюдать с телескопом, но Вы настоящий романтик, рекомендуем обратить внимание на домашние планетарии, которые покажут тысячи звёзд прямо у Вас дома на потолке! Купить домашний планетарий можно и ребенку и взрослому - это отличный подарок!



Получить консультацию и оформить заказ по телефону: в Москве: 8-495-505-11-14, в Санкт-Петербурге: 8-812-964-85-02



© Магазин ПЛАНЕТАРИЙ. РУ - у нас можно купить телескопы, бинокли, микроскопы, зрительные трубы и домашние планетарии!



Молитва может быть эффективным самогипнозом



ПОДПИШИТЕСЬ на бесплатное обучение внизу страницы



Можно ли с помощью самогипноза



исполнять свои желания и программировать благоприятное будущее?



С помощью самогипноза можно улучшить своё физическое и эмоциональное состояние, повысить самооценку, уверенность в своих силах, стать психологически сильным и неуъязвимым человеком. Самогипноз входит в программу обучения спецслужб и высших представителей власти.



Специальные психологические исследования показали, что с помощью самогипноза любой человек может стать более удачливым, более успешеным и привлекательным.



Как воздействует самогипноз на человека? Действительно ли человек начинает притягивать к себе удачу и успех? Можно ли с помощью самогипноза программировать благопрятное будущее? Как правильно пользоваться самогипнозом?



Я расскажу Вам обо всех возможностях самогипноза и научу Вас им пользоваться! Сотни моих учеников научились использовать самогипноз для качественного улучшения своей жизни.



Подпишитесь прямо сейчас на учебную рассылку!



В своей рассылке я буду рассказывать, как с помощью самогипноза:



Получить нужную денежную сумму или подарок



Выиграть в лотерее, конкурсе или розыгрыше



Найти нужного человека или любимого человека



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# Dating scammer olesya love (2931)



# Dating scammer Oksana Romanova (2883)



# Dating scammer Rebecca Teye (2844)



# Dating scammer Alevtina sun (2802)



# Dating scammer louis Musa (2733)



# Dating scammer Mary Longman (2730)



# Dating scammer Yulia Marchenko (2638)



# Dating scammer Natasha (2568)



# Dating scammer Elena from Vladimir (2544)



# Dating scammer Yulya Yulechka. http://www. delphifaq. com/faq/a bout/f1279.shtml? (2466)



# Dating scammer lyubov morozova (2404)



# Dating scammer Naomi (2251)



# Dating scammer Stella Tazy (2037)



# Dating scammer Anna (1912)



# Dating scammer Sweeny Yeboah (1886)



# Dating scammer Gifty Ampadu (1794)



# Dating scammer Ekaterina (1791)



# Dating scammer Zaleya Faisal (1774)



# Dating scammer Goodluck Oneil (1730)



# Dating scammer Nadezhda (1698)



# Dating scammer Nina Morozyuk (1634)



# Dating scammer jenny williams (1632)



# Dating scammer tatyana (1627)



# Dating scammer Kelly David (1549)



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# Dating scammer maria (1529)



# Dating scammer Yuliya (1499)



# Dating scammer Jane Desmond (1498)



# Dating scammer Catrina Graber (1480)



# Dating scammer Elena Philiseeva (1453)



# Dating scammer Olesya (1384)



# Dating scammer Pam Anderson aka Thelma Barnes (1359)



# Dating scammer damisa tori (1320)



# Dating scammer Anna Koroliova (1313)



# Dating scammer Olga (1222)



# Dating scammer Kseniya Danilchouk (1214)



# Dating scammer Elena (1190)



# Dating scammer Josephine Wilson (1162)



# Dating scammer Veronica (1156)



# Dating scammer Kimberly (1142)



# Dating scammer Esther Asabeah (1130)



# Dating scammer Ekaterina (1125)



# Dating scammer Irina (1071)



# Dating scammer rosemary collins (1070)



# Dating scammer alexis greene (1068)



# Dating scammer Jane Williams (1044)



# Dating scammer Gloria Princess Dickson (1033)



# Dating scammer Awuah baffour (1005)



# Dating scammer Selma White (987)



# Dating scammer EVE NAOMI CRUSH (966)



# Dating scammer Olga Galesheva (960)



# Dating scammer maria carley or wendy (856)



# Dating scammer Jessica Vanesa (809)



# Dating scammer Olesya Lutsenko (806)



# Dating scammer POLUSHINA NATALYA (775)



# Dating scammer Natalia (716)



# Dating scammer Claire (693)



# Dating scammer Viktoriya Sondor (682)



# Dating scammer Selassie Issaka (662)



# Dating scammer laura joe (660)



# Dating scammer Sophia Azikolo (649)



# Dating scammer Tatyana Dmitreeva (631)



# Dating scammer Jeniver Hamilton Roben (627)



# Dating scammer Elena (626)



# Dating scammer Razak Muhammad (624)



# Dating scammer Kimberly L. Jones, Kimberly Jones (602)



# Dating scammer Nadezdha Smelova (566)



# Dating scammer Maame (531)



# Dating scammer Anita Opoku (512)



# Dating scammer Priscilla Billson, Pricilla, Billson, Queen, Desire, Ghana (504)



# Dating scammer Linda jones (499)



# Dating scammer severine (484)



# Dating scammer Katherine Brake (476)



# Dating scammer veronica camara (447)



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# Dating scammer klokpah lamptey (397)



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# Dating scammer Joyce Doe (260)



# Dating scammer Anastasia (256)



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# Dating scammer comfort SEERWAH (243)



# Dating scammer Klokpah Lamptey (239)



# Dating scammer Nastya, Anastasiya Lubimova (227)



# Dating scammer Anabel Osei Morrison (218)



# Dating scammer Anna. (210)



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# Dating scammer jenny_larry90 (196)



# Dating scammer Lydia Owusu (154)



# Dating scammer becky linda alan (129)



# Dating scammer joy colly (51)



# Dating scammer Elena Yanchurova (68275)



# Dating scammer Sandra Mark from Lagos, Nigeria (57808)



# Dating scammer Elena Mihailova from Kirov, Russia (52689)



# Dating scammer Natalja Ryzhikowa from Russia (48696)



# Dating scammer Yuliya Goncharova (47024)



# Dating scammer Tatyana Davydova (45223)



# Alevtina Volgunova, from Serga, Permskaya (34363)



# Letters by dating scammer Oskana Zagaynova at kissalove30001@rambler. ru (32333)



# Dating scammer Natalia Kovalewa from Russia (32229)



# Dating scammer Natalia (30692)



# Dating scammer Charline Addo from Lagos, Nigeria (30399)



# Letters and pictures of Aleksandra Doshina from Moscow, Russia (29996)



# Dating scammer Elena (Lena) Sokolava from Kazan, Russia (29974)



# Dating scammer Nadezhda Sheganova at Quality@Coal-n-Wood. biz (26945)



# Dating scammer Olga/Olya from Krasnoyarsk, Russia (25404)



# Dating scammer Olga – email is igivylov@yahoo. com (24788)



# Dating scammer Natalja (Natalia) from Berdsk, Russia (24469)



# Dating scammer Wera (23163)



# Dating scammer Evgeniya Shcegoleva living in Temnikov, Russia (22698)



# Dating scammer Natasha Moskvina from Ulyanovsk, Russia (21543)



# Dating scammer Irina Z… (21518)



# Dating scammer Nastya (21501)



# Dating scammer alyona (21457)



# Dating scammer Vika from Cheboksary (20408)



# Dating scammer Angelina Shvaljova (20402)



# Dating scammer Ludmila or Luda K. (20046)



# Dating scammer Nadya from Kstovo, Russia (19613)



# Dating scammer Alena Gavrilova (19560)



# Dating scammer Irina (19341)



# Dating scammer Scammer Sandra (18617)



# Dating scammer Olya (18193)



# Dating scammer jessica michael (17529)



# Dating scammer Vera, Verok, Natali, Natalie, Olechka, Tatyanka, Olga, Devocka, (17352)



# Dating scammer Mariya (17054)



# Dating scammer Yuliya, Julya (16621)



# Dating scammer Lany from Lobnya, Russia (16581)



# Dating scammer Maria (16407)



# Dating scammer Michelle from Medvedevo (16271)



# Dating scammer Yulia Nalivayko from Samara, Russia (15730)



# Dating scammer Anna Strokova aka Anna Vadimovna (15316)



# Dating scammer Tatyana from Cheboksary, Russia (14750)



# Dating scammer Svetlana (14662)



# Dating scammer Maria from Omsk, Russia (14475)



# Dating scammer Olga (14278)



# Dating scammer Daria Pronina (14219)



# Dating scammer Diana Johnson (14083)



# Dating scammer Theresa Danquah from Accra, Ghana (13856)



# Dating scammer Mariya, Louise (13537)



# Dating scammer Sveta (13458)



# Dating scammer Ekaterina (Natalia) from St Petersburg, Russia (13208)



# Dating scammer Ekaterina Gradovskaya (12670)



# Letters from dating scammer Niki in in Izhevsk, Russia (12538)



# Dating scammer Jamila Alhassan (12520)



# Dating scammer Miss Ruth Weah (12509)



# Dating scammer natalya aganina (12409)



# Dating scammer Vera Vladimirova from Russia (12371)



# Dating scammer Flower sage (11839)



# Dating scammer Kimmy Morgan from Ghana (11649)



# Dating scammer Yuliya from Zvenigovo (11587)



# Dating scammer elena polyakova (11529)



# Dating scammer Ekaterina (11300)



# Dating scammer Katy (11282)



# Dating scammer Ekaterina from Cheboksary (11207)



# How to scam scammers (11180)



# Dating scammer Tatyana Medwedewa (10702)



# Dating scammer Olga Sutyagina from Kotelnich, Russia (10700)



# Dating scammer Natalya from Kolpino, Russia (10689)



# Dating scammer Tatiana Ivanova (10631)



# Dating scammer Larisa Malina (10625)



# Dating scammer Tatyana Aichanova (10555)



# Dating scammer Ekaterina Inyagina from Yoshkar-Ola, Russia (10471)



# Dating scammer Yulya from Ukraine (10393)



# Dating scammer Agnes Boateng (10375)



# Dating scammer Serlorm Amewode (10277)



# Dating scammer Anastasiya Grishina from Kazan, Russia (10268)



# Dating scammer Chritiana Essiam from Ghana, Africa (9817)



# Dating scammer Natali from Kazan (9791)



# Dating scammer Looking4Godloves (9785)



# Dating scammer Svetlana Kornilova (9702)



# Dating scammer inna (9682)



# Dating scammer Marina. (9682)



# Dating scammer Ekaterina Markovka (9523)



# Dating scammer Hannah Amissah (9337)



# Dating scammer Ekaterina Galinaites (9209)



# Dating scammer Nadezhda, Tatiana Imamova (9118)



# Dating scammer Nadezhda Cheshuina (9095)



# Dating scammer Mahmud Isah (9045)



# Dating scammer Elena Viktorovna Petrova from Yoshkar Ola, Russia (9043)



# Dating scammer Aigul ( Russian – Perm ) (8898)



# Dating scammer Svetlana Zhilkina from Cheboksary, Russia (8885)



# Dating scammer Dinara Bikmaeva (8861)



# Dating scammer Anna from Kazan, Russia (8809)



# Dating scammer Alina Shigapova (8799)



# Dating scammer Tatyana Mustaeva (8765)



# Dating scammer Snezhanna Babyi (8755)



# Dating scammer Vasilisa Horina (8729)



# Dating scammer Anastasia (8705)



# Dating scammer Lika (8497)



# Dating scammer esgesha (8284)



# Dating scammer Gallina P (8192)



# Dating scammer lizzy (8176)



# Dating scammer tossytolly (Rashidat Abdulrahma) from facebox. com (8087)



# Dating scammer Christina Putnikova (8082)



# Dating scammer Lizza Johnson (7841)



# Dating scammer Olga Matveeva (7683)



# Dating scammer Galina (7672)



# Dating scammer iulija Shipilova (7520)



# Dating scammer Margarita Mihaylova (7434)



# Dating scammer Aleksenceva Tatjana (7324)



# Dating scammer Evgeniya Kozachuk (7285)



# Dating scammer Tatyana Bykonya (7242)



# Dating scammer Anna. (7236)



# Dating scammer Solace Mensah whitneycute01 Nancy Milman (7233)



# Dating scammer Tatyana Baranova (6899)



# Dating scammer Anna Chupryanova (6853)



# Dating scammer Olga Chureeva from Russia (6824)



# Dating scammer Mariya Suworova (6619)



# Dating scammer Yana from Lutsk, Ukraine (6573)



# Dating scammer Natalya (6385)



# Dating scammer Tatiana from Kostromo, Russia (6353)



# Dating scammer Tatyana Zaiceva (6285)



# Dating scammer Nastya (6222)



# Dating scammer Olga (6212)



# Dating scammer Anita Asante (6166)



# Dating scammer Yuliya Gordeeva (6102)



# Dating scammer kate katerine mark Rine (6082)



# Dating scammer Zinatu Bawa (6078)



# Dating scammer Anastasiya Nastya (also used Nastya Olina) (5999)



# Dating scammer Irina Zagaynova, Irina Segoleva, Anna Vinokurova (5975)



# Dating scammer Maria Korostaleva (5957)



# Dating scammer Elena Dranichnikova (5847)



# Dating scammer Elora (5844)



# Dating scammer Albina Nigmatullina from Russia (5826)



# Dating scammer Ekaterina (5802)



# Dating scammer Dariya (5700)



# Dating scammer Jessica Wright, jessybeauty20, wantlonelyheart, goodwife12 (5698)



# Dating scammer Elena Emyataeva (5643)



# Dating scammer Elena Okuneva, Tatyana (5495)



# Dating scammer Maldaline anita Yahaya (5483)



# Dating scammer elisbeth (5449)



# Dating scammer Lyudmila (5421)



# Dating scammer Kristina Nagorova (5381)



# Dating scammer Irina krasotka (5357)



# Dating scammer Teena Crane (5332)



# Dating scammer Rita Kissi, Rita Addoh, rita_4_you (5326)



# Dating scammer Dapo Abraham aka Don Jerkins, Michael Johnson, Olu Paul, Banjo O (5287)



# Dating scammer elen (5194)



# Dating scammer Alexandra from Kozmodemyansk (5145)



# Dating scammer Elmira (5124)



# Dating scammer Marina Schekotova (5106)



# Dating scammer Kseniya Grudtsina from Tver, Russia (5098)



# Dating scammer Nadezhda Titova (5057)



# Dating scammer Aleksandra Fedorova (4937)



# Dating scammer Svetlana (4936)



# Dating scammer Selorm Lotamey(Amanda ) (4816)



# Dating scammer Natasha (4781)



# Dating scammer Irina Ryabinina (4776)



# Dating scammer nell amos, nelly james (4643)



# Dating scammer Hope Johnson (4640)



# Dating scammer Svetlana Rogova (4637)



# Dating scammer Abigail Dateh (4626)



# Dating scammer Rita Johnston (4610)



# Dating scammer lisa benedicter (4587)



# Dating scammer Elena or Lena Nabokih from Penza, Russia (4529)



# Dating scammer Lyudmila Boutenko from Markovo, Russia (4513)



# Dating scammer Kelly Smith (4509)



# Dating scammer RUTH WOODE (4504)



# Dating scammer [from Romania] (4405)



# Dating scammer Anastasiya (4391)



# Dating scammer Morris Bechmans (4357)



# Dating scammer Nadzeya Marchankowa from Russia (4356)



# Dating scammer Linda Lewis from Nigeria (4351)



# Dating scammer Anastasia Mirgarodskaja (4326)



# Dating scammer Nastya (4317)



# Letters from dating scammer Nadejda in Russia to Roger, USA (4288)



# Dating scammer Lisa Higgins (4284)



# Dating scammer OLGA (4270)



# Dating scammer Oksana (4262)



# Dating scammer Liana Kolesnikova (4230)



# Dating scammer benita koneh (4227)



# Dating scammer Rose nickname angel rose (4222)



# Dating scammer Maria Medvedeva (4218)



# Dating scammer Yana (4203)



# Dating scammer Valetina (4164)



# Dating scammer Sandra Anderson (4153)



# Dating scammer Galina Podyganova (4147)



# Dating scammer Emma Muradyan (4086)



# Dating scammer liudmila shukshanowa (4039)



# Dating scammer Jessica Murphy (3998)



# Dating scammer Jerry Robert alias Moris Tony (3950)



# Dating scammer Rita Buba (3938)



# Dating scammer Natalia Racheeva (3932)



# Dating scammer Kerly Brown (3842)



# Dating scammer Rose Williams (3837)



# Dating scammer Tatyana Larichewa (3774)



# Dating scammer Nadya, Nadezhda, Marina (3761)



# Dating scammer Rachael Hansen (3727)



# Dating scammer maria medvedeva (3709)



# Dating scammer Glory Gukama (3696)



# Dating scammer Rashid Kadiri (3682)



# Dating scammer Mayya from Kazan (3660)



# Dating scammer Sandra Bleesing (3589)



# Dating scammer Adetola Williams (3581)



# Dating scammer Uliya Lobovikova (3554)



# Dating scammer Kelly (3547)



# Dating scammer Angelika Goncharova (3532)



# Dating scammer Anna Zelen (3521)



# Dating scammer Natasha Cherepanova (3476)



# Dating scammer Linda Myers (3424)



# Dating scammer Mariya (3423)



# Dating scammer Anna Efimovia (3411)



# Dating scammer Abigail Mensah (3377)



# Dating scammer Marina Bakylina (3319)



# Dating scammer Michele Cook (3305)



# Dating scammer Liliya from Dzhankoy, Ukrain (3276)



# Dating scammer Anastasiya (3233)



# Dating scammer Yulia Byzova (3221)



# Dating scammer jennifer thomas, peace smith, tina, kate, jennifer brown, kelly, (3160)



# Dating scammer Michelle Daniel (3120)



# Dating scammer Zhanna Moshkina (3049)



# Dating scammer Olga Dobrynina (3043)



# Dating scammer SANDRA JOE (3035)



# Dating scammer Ekaterina (3026)



# Dating scammer Mariya Somova (3024)



# Dating scammer Kristina Yamanaeva (3003)



# Dating scammer Olivia Bannerman (2988)



# Dating scammer Marina pretty (2947)



# Dating scammer Natalya/Nadezda (2934)



# Dating scammer Maria Truchenko (2917)



# Dating scammer Marina Lekomtsewa (2911)



# Dating scammer Mariya Sella (2869)



# Dating scammer Natalya Oparina (2856)



# Dating scammer Olga Nezabudka (2853)



# Dating scammer Vika Leonidovna Dolgusheva (2843)



# Dating scammer Ivy Ashiagbor (2841)



# Dating scammer olechka (2841)



# Dating scammer florence yarko or grace Mensah (2825)



# Dating scammer Ira (2815)



# Dating scammer KAtya (2804)



# Dating scammer Rossina Kpodzro (2804)



# Dating scammer Oksana Chursina (2785)



# Dating scammer Yulia (2780)



# Dating scammer Selly (2770)



# Dating scammer Esther (2743)



# Dating scammer Bayo Johnson (2734)



# Dating scammer Irina Silivanova (2730)



# Dating scammer miss precious/precious andrew (2724)



# Dating scammer Olga Savin (2716)



# Dating scammer Olga (2711)



# Dating scammer akoi danso (2700)



# Dating scammer jessica sery bahi (2688)



# Dating scammer Valya (2686)



# Dating scammer Anna Kropotova (2665)



# Dating scammer Putintseva, Larisa (2648)



# Dating scammer janee (2641)



# Dating scammer Zaharadeen Ahmed, Zarah (2610)



# Dating scammer Elena Moshkina (2608)



# Dating scammer Faustina Dwumaa (2600)



# Dating scammer Elena elena Zay or Lidyia (2514)



# Dating scammer Rose Jimmy (2503)



# Dating scammer ELENA (2502)



# Dating scammer Nataliya Truhiena, Baybakowa (2498)



# Dating scammer Jenny (Ingraham) Bukz (2464)



# Dating scammer Regina Cromwell (2412)



# Dating scammer Elizaveta (2409)



# Dating scammer Marina | Volzhsk (2402)



# Dating scammer Marina aka Marinka (2381)



# Dating scammer Natalya (2372)



# Dating scammer Elena Zaytseva (2336)



# Dating scammer amina (2324)



# Dating scammer Agnes Kanzie (2305)



# Dating scammer Lilian Roland (2297)



# Dating scammer Frances Parry (2280)



# Dating scammer Jane Johnson (2272)



# Dating scammer Lisa, Leisan (2266)



# Dating scammer TATIANA ALEXANDROVNA TIMOKHOVICH (2237)



# Dating scammer Yana (2233)



# Dating scammer sarah quaya godlysarah (2214)



# Dating scammer Olga Malyutina (2196)



# Dating scammer Darya o Darya Stupina o darya. stupina@yahoo. com (2169)



# Dating scammer Lauren Smith (2168)



# Dating scammer Marina (2165)



# Dating scammer Ekaterina Romanova (2164)



# Dating scammer Jane Anderson (2161)



# Dating scammer Irina Rusinova (2151)



# Dating scammer Lizzy Hansen (2139)



# Dating scammer Marina, Vladimirovna, Yazikowa (2086)



# Dating scammer Vivian Ameyaw (2076)



# Dating scammer alena (2046)



# Dating scammer Alevtina (2043)



# Dating scammer Ksusha (2033)



# Dating scammer Deysi Reyna (2030)



# Dating scammer Gulya / Gulnaz Syundyukova (2028)



# Dating scammer Miss Donna (2007)



# Dating scammer Mino Harris (2004)



# Dating scammer Tereza Silberer (1988)



# Dating scammer Dating scammer Svetlana From Russia (1954)



# Dating scammer jessica brown (1951)



# Dating scammer ken martins, kehinde (1941)



# Dating scammer Nadezhda Eryshova (1924)



# Dating scammer Lawura Muniru (1917)



# Dating scammer Oksana (1915)



# Dating scammer Juliya Glushkova (1915)



# Dating scammer emmy amilton (1907)



# Dating scammer GRACE SARPONG (1899)



# Dating scammer Hilda (1892)



# Dating scammer Jessica (1890)



# Dating scammer Tatyana Kolesova (1880)



# Dating scammer Shawn Carter (1874)



# Dating scammer Molly Hendersom (1838)



# Dating scammer Ekaterina (1832)



# Dating scammer Tatyana Ivanova Surkova (1818)



# Dating scammer Natalya Kamaeva (1818)



# Dating scammer Ekaterina Nazhvidinova (1815)



# Dating scammer Anzhelika (1798)



# Dating scammer anastasya (1798)



# Dating scammer Lyudmila (1783)



# Dating scammer Natalya Mladsheva (1782)



# Dating scammer Natalya Oparina (1777)



# Dating scammer Willisa (1775)



# Dating scammer Pamela (1755)



# Dating scammer Darran Prince (1752)



# Dating scammer Natalia Markina from Achair Russia (1747)



# Dating scammer Yinka Adagbite (1745)



# Dating scammer Natalya (1743)



# Dating scammer Sarah Blake (1737)



# Dating scammer Julia Sergeevna Stepanova (1732)



# Dating scammer Mariya Migura (1724)



# Dating scammer linda (1698)



# Dating scammer EKATERINA SOMOVA (1695)



# Dating scammer elena (1689)



# Dating scammer Erica Mensah (1683)



# Dating scammer kelly (1670)



# Dating scammer Elena (1664)



# Dating scammer Svetlana Deva (1650)



# Dating scammer lyudmila lebedeva (1650)



# Dating scammer Anastasiya (1649)



# Dating scammer Frank Jo (1641)



# Dating scammer Jennifer Bruce (1635)



# Dating scammer Gylnara (1626)



# Dating scammer wilson wiliam (1623)



# Dating scammer Roberta Mills (1623)



# Dating scammer Lia Laura Lewis (1617)



# Dating scammer Veronica Petrova (1599)



# Dating scammer alena (1595)



# Dating scammer Nataliya Ovetchkina (1577)



# Dating scammer Dariya. (1570)



# Dating scammer Janet Appiah (1562)



# Dating scammer Anastasiya aka Nastya (1562)



# Dating scammer Captain Alexander Campbell (1553)



# Dating scammer Alice Livela Ekema (1552)



# Dating scammer Jenny Mcbrown (1546)



# Dating scammer Miss Janneth (1532)



# Dating scammer Venera Kamalova (1531)



# Dating scammer NANA NYARKO (1530)



# Dating scammer Patricia AMPOMAH (1523)



# Dating scammer Tatyana (1522)



# Dating scammer Anna Romanova (1519)



# Dating scammer Juliet Buba – Remi Ojo – Sahban Alhassan – Yousoufou Awa – Patie (1514)



# Dating scammer Yulia (1509)



# Dating scammer Judith (1506)



# Dating scammer Elena (1504)



# Dating scammer Kate Bachang (1499)



# Dating scammer Belvin Becky (1496)



# Dating scammer katya (1484)



# Dating scammer melissa caleb (1476)



# Dating scammer Valeriya Kryzhberskaya (1465)



# Dating scammer Julius NII K Quaynor (1464)



# Dating scammer ALIMATU SADIA MOHAMMED (1464)



# Dating scammer mary torgbenu (1448)



# Dating scammer Jaime Stevens (1444)



# Dating scammer Alisa (1444)



# Dating scammer Selorm ‘Harrison’ Amoako (1437)



# Dating scammer Jessica Smith (1436)



# Dating scammer Vera Mabar (1423)



# Dating scammer MARY ALONYA (1419)



# Dating scammer sandra emmaa (1416)



# Dating scammer Viktoriya Oblasova (1406)



# Dating scammer Mulla, Lydia Mensah (1399)



# Dating scammer Nataliya (1388)



# Dating scammer sebastian (1384)



# Dating scammer Juliet Robertson (1384)



# Dating scammer Pamilar Mb (1381)



# Dating scammer Natasha (1376)



# Dating scammer iulia MOROZ (1373)



# Dating scammer Elena (1362)



# Dating scammer Sheila Kyere (1360)



# Dating scammer Maya Dimitrova Georgieva (1350)



# Dating scammer Linda Simmons aka Mary Thompson aka Linda Smith, (1350)



# Dating scammer Yuliya Motorina (1341)



# Dating scammer sherry Adams (1336)



# Dating scammer ELIZABETH Acquah LAMPTEY (1332)



# Dating scammer Nina (1331)



# Dating scammer Nastya (1315)



# Dating scammer sharon wilcot (1302)



# Dating scammer Anita Anthony (1302)



# Dating scammer susana awal (1298)



# Dating scammer Daniel Bruce (1292)



# Dating scammer Natalia (1282)



# Dating scammer Valentina (1282)



# Dating scammer Estella Zahiru (1282)



# Dating scammer Terry Smith (1276)



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# Dating scammer Anna Aleksandrovna Glushak (1266)



# Dating scammer Anna (1247)



# Dating scammer Lilia Batsman (1243)



# Dating scammer svetlana borodina (1241)



# Dating scammer tatyana dmitrieva (1238)



# Dating scammer belinda botwey (1219)



# Dating scammer alyona Lebyed. Olga Lebyed (1214)



# Dating scammer sarah smith (1211)



# Dating scammer dominique coelho (1194)



# Dating scammer Jennie Sandra (1176)



# Dating scammer Julia Andrienko (1171)



# Dating scammer Kof Nkrumah (1171)



# Dating scammer Liza Pushnaya (1166)



# Dating scammer Tatyana Romanowa (1164)



# Dating scammer olga kuznecova (1162)



# Dating scammer rose rogan (1159)



# Dating scammer valentina yagodova (1155)



# Dating scammer Salamatu bawa (1151)



# Dating scammer Clarisee Mensah (1147)



# Dating scammer Nadiia Kashirina (1145)



# Dating scammer Paula Palmer (1137)



# Dating scammer Olga (1128)



# Dating scammer Olga (1127)



# Dating scammer Joyce Kuzagbe (1114)



# Dating scammer Tope Paul Joun (1109)



# Dating scammer Vereschagyna Olga (1108)



# Dating scammer Sarah Joan (1106)



# Dating scammer marian malm (1105)



# Dating scammer Alfiya Zheludkova (1104)



# Dating scammer Kareena Wenger (1099)



# Dating scammer Tracy Newman (1093)



# Dating scammer Allen John Cevries (1088)



# Dating scammer Natasha (1085)



# Dating scammer Opeyemi Babatunde (1079)



# Dating scammer Anna (1076)



# Dating scammer Filippovich Anastasiya (1076)



# Dating scammer beyonce viola connie Blair) (1071)



# Dating scammer lenchik or Elena (1063)



# Dating scammer Lyudmila Lebedeva (1054)



# Dating scammer EKATERINA ALEKSEEVA (1050)



# Dating scammer Irina Surovceva, Irina Suvorova (1050)



# Dating scammer Belinda Manuel (1049)



# Dating scammer Dilyara, Dilya (1049)



# Dating scammer Elena talanova/elenaElena Izutova/lenara (1048)



# Dating scammer Chlore O’Brien (1047)



# Dating scammer Mariya (1046)



# Dating scammer ekaterina kry (1046)



# Dating scammer Natalya Burlakova (1044)



# Dating scammer Grace Ubar (1042)



# Dating scammer Miss Tatyana (1042)



# Dating scammer Cecilia Sam (1039)



# Dating scammer Juliet Kassala (1033)



# Dating scammer Anastasiya (Nastya) (1027)



# Dating scammer Anastasia (1026)



# Dating scammer Kseniya (1025)



# Dating scammer yanina (1022)



# Dating scammer paulina bawa (1018)



# Dating scammer Maldaline Jane Yahaya (1006)



# Dating scammer Marina (1002)



# Dating scammer Katie Paulina (1000)



# Dating scammer Raluca Alexandra Dragan (998)



# Dating scammer Kseniya Chigintseva (993)



# Dating scammer Rose Awal (982)



# Dating scammer naomi amoah (979)



# Dating scammer Miss Kristina (978)



# Dating scammer Nana Ofosu, Belinda Smith (977)



# Dating scammer nora aziza (976)



# Dating scammer Darya Shlyapnikova (976)



# Dating scammer Natalya Ohotnikova (974)



# Dating scammer Dasha (971)



# Dating scammer Katya (971)



# Dating scammer stramylaze (965)



# Dating scammer june jones (959)



# Dating scammer oksana (959)



# Dating scammer Irina (959)



# Dating scammer Julie (957)



# Dating scammer Anastasiya Dehanova (956)



# Dating scammer Gilbert Appiah. (955)



# Dating scammer Natalya Nikolaevna Yarovikova (955)



# Dating scammer Evgeniya Hanova (954)



# Dating scammer Oksana Malahova (951)



# Dating scammer Ekaterina Kobylina (949)



# Dating scammer evelyn barnes, margaret Osei, Margaret Nchor (947)



# Dating scammer VLADA (942)



# Dating scammer Natalia (938)



# Dating scammer Masha (929)



# Dating scammer Awal Mohammed (928)



# Dating scammer olesya rozentsowa (925)



# Dating scammer christiana janet Seun Smith (913)



# Dating scammer LENA (913)



# Dating scammer Tala (912)



# Dating scammer Nelly Annan/ Melissa Sumitra Roy (899)



# Dating scammer laura Fernadez (895)



# Dating scammer Linda (894)



# Dating scammer Yuliya Matveeva (893)



# Dating scammer Ben Gage (890)



# Dating scammer patience oben (888)



# Dating scammer cordy smith (886)



# Dating scammer Elnara Rustamova (886)



# Dating scammer ejike. clement (881)



# Dating scammer Ekaterina (880)



# Dating scammer Thomas Brown (879)



# Dating scammer Tanya (878)



# Dating scammer Abigail Asare (874)



# Dating scammer Bridget Nelson (872)



# Dating scammer Akoi Danso (871)



# Dating scammer Nadejda (869)



# Dating scammer svetlana (868)



# Dating scammer kari danny (868)



# Dating scammer Anastasiya Zueva (867)



# Dating scammer MARIA (863)



# Dating scammer Gulnaz (862)



# Dating scammer MODELIN OFOSUAH (859)



# Dating scammer Oksana Kazakova (857)



# Dating scammer lucy aba bemah (852)



# Dating scammer Elena (846)



# Dating scammer laura (840)



# Dating scammer lhinda ashberry (840)



# Dating scammer Susana Asantewaa (839)



# Dating scammer asia alverez perez (836)



# Dating scammer Yulia Patrusheva (834)



# Dating scammer Scott Koffelyn (833)



# Dating scammer Tyra Davison (832)



# Dating scammer irina (828)



# Dating scammer kate (827)



# Dating scammer Natalia Sergan (824)



# Dating scammer Mary Khan (821)



# Dating scammer Adu–Sparkly (811)



# Dating scammer Amina Haruna (811)



# Dating scammer Oksana (809)



# Dating scammer Alena & elena endubaeva (808)



# Dating scammer Yulya (803)



# Dating scammer Mimi Beller Taylor (801)



# Dating scammer amerie michale (801)



# Dating scammer MAMONOVA VICTORIYA (793)



# Dating scammer Marina (792)



# Dating scammer Aleksandra (786)



# Dating scammer Amy Lewis (786)



# Dating scammer Naomi Randy (779)



# Dating scammer Angelina Pavlova (777)



# Dating scammer Natalia Skryabina (771)



# Dating scammer suzzylinda (766)



# Dating scammer Evelyn Arthur (763)



# Dating scammer Kimberly Castleberry (763)



# Dating scammer Eugena Odoom (763)



# Dating scammer Anastasiya Romanova (756)



# Dating scammer Darya Teljatnikowa (756)



# Dating scammer Love_jasmine125 (748)



# Dating scammer jenny scott (747)



# Dating scammer anna strokova (743)



# Dating scammer Tatyana Aleksandrovna (742)



# Dating scammer alena bondarenco (742)



# Dating scammer Rose Tenkorang, Rosemary Boateng (742)



# Dating scammer ELENA (741)



# Dating scammer Natalya (741)



# Dating scammer josephine maccarthy (728)



# Dating scammer Kseniyaa (724)



# Dating scammer bryan william (723)



# Dating scammer Michael Adeniyi (719)



# Dating scammer anastasya(nastya) (719)



# Dating scammer OLGA from Samara, Russia (718)



# Dating scammer OLGA KIRILLOVE (718)



# Dating scammer Tatyana (705)



# Dating scammer felila asante (703)



# Dating scammer Leandra Williams (699)



# Dating scammer favour stella kassala (690)



# Dating scammer Kingsley Rowland (684)



# Dating scammer Tiffani Williams (681)



# Dating scammer Selis Nelson (679)



# Dating scammer Nepochatajya Maria (678)



# Dating scammer tatyana (678)



# Dating scammer Chelsie Owen (677)



# Dating scammer belinda asiedu (666)



# Dating scammer barnice milton (663)



# Dating scammer natalya (661)



# Dating scammer Anastasia (660)



# Dating scammer Keseniya (655)



# Dating scammer JESSIKAMILLS (653)



# Dating scammer anzhelika (650)



# Dating scammer ELENA TIRINOVA (649)



# Dating scammer Cole Philip (644)



# Dating scammer Anna Shatrygena (642)



# Dating scammer Alyona, Yanna, Kate (641)



# Dating scammer lizzy kenth (640)



# Dating scammer Anna Kuptsova (640)



# Dating scammer ARINA PETROVA (640)



# Dating scammer Olga (628)



# Dating scammer Olga Bourouvuyh (628)



# Dating scammer Stella Oneil (626)



# Dating scammer ekaterina (625)



# Dating scammer Yuliya Kuzminykh (624)



# Dating scammer Anastasiya Bazhuk (621)



# Dating scammer Rhoda Jackson (620)



# Dating scammer Precious Jude (620)



# Dating scammer tanirish Corgio, Sophia Geldore (618)



# Dating scammer Sarah Smith (611)



# Dating scammer Marina (609)



# Dating scammer hussiena hulid (608)



# Dating scammer beck philp (607)



# Dating scammer Maureen Mensah (Dacosta) (606)



# Dating scammer Rita Albert (603)



# Dating scammer Ekaterina (603)



# Dating scammer Paris Johnson (601)



# Dating scammer Comfort Addo, Mildred Simpson (600)



# Dating scammer lyudmila lebedeva (595)



# Dating scammer Rosina Amma Darkoah (594)



# Dating scammer Stephinne Ofori (592)



# Dating scammer Jane Anderson (590)



# Dating scammer Alena Macharova (587)



# Dating scammer Kelsy Anderson (586)



# Dating scammer Cyntia Wisdom (585)



# Dating scammer Phyllis Adotai (581)



# Dating scammer Stella Oromo (579)



# Dating scammer cassandra brown (578)



# Dating scammer Kelly Jones (575)



# Dating scammer susan Bill (574)



# Dating scammer Kamah Romeo (573)



# Dating scammer Sheila Opoku or Julie or think of a name (570)



# Dating scammer Svetlana (569)



# Dating scammer kendra bates (569)



# Dating scammer Melsia Prospero Martinez (Mel) (565)



# Dating scammer winifred amposah (555)



# Dating scammer Mercy Kaurme (555)



# Dating scammer Cynthia Mabou (554)



# Dating scammer charity kipkayla kones (554)



# Dating scammer irina (552)



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# Dating scammer Alena (548)



# Dating scammer sumaila yusif (546)



# Dating scammer justina (545)



# Dating scammer ESTHER GOODLUCK (540)



# Dating scammer Agnes ASANTEWAA (536)



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# Dating scammer Seun Roberts (531)



# Dating scammer kelly ANDERSON (521)



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# Dating scammer goodness ebue (520)



# Dating scammer Nancy Justin Yak (518)



# Dating scammer Anastasiya (513)



# Dating scammer Tanya Naumova (509)



# Dating scammer william dana cowell (499)



# Dating scammer rita (498)



# Dating scammer Jane Collins (497)



# Dating scammer olga st petersburg (494)



# Dating scammer Kira (493)



# Dating scammer Tiana or Tatiana Petrinenko, Anna Hott (490)



# Dating scammer linda Miller (486)



# Dating scammer Cindy Weaver (484)



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# Dating scammer Ekatarina milashkekaterina (482)



# Dating scammer Tatyana (tanya) (482)



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# Dating scammer annis kelly or kelly annis (481)



# Dating scammer Fawzia Musa (480)



# Dating scammer anna richmond (479)



# Dating scammer Oksana Kod (479)



# Dating scammer lisa wayne (477)



# Dating scammer (476)



# Dating scammer Tatyana or tanya cherepanovea, Elena ozerona (476)



# Dating scammer Larisa (474)



# Dating scammer anna johnson (472)



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# Dating scammer NATALYA MARKOV (471)



# Dating scammer smirnova, maltseva, krymova, deme neva (470)



# Dating scammer Valentina (469)



# Dating scammer Issah Amuda (469)



# Dating scammer Mary, Iscythia (468)



# Dating scammer Yuliya Ilyasowa (466)



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# Dating scammer Tracy Robinson (455)



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# Dating scammer Tessy Adisa (447)



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# Dating scammer Jessica William (432)



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# Dating scammer Akinyemi Akinnola (430)



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# Dating scammer Ayisha Abubakara (423)



# Dating scammer Kelly Kidman Kelly white (420)



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# Dating scammer Esther Adjin Tettey (416)



# Dating scammer ‘Umu’ Kamaru Dini (415)



# Dating scammer THEREAS TETTEH (414)



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# Dating scammer dawn goerge (410)



# Dating scammer Gladys Denten (406)



# Dating scammer Linda Jones (404)



# Dating scammer nana. linda, (403)



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# Dating scammer Ekatrina Golubova (402)



# Dating scammer LAYA NABIL VDOUGLAS (400)



# Dating scammer sarah lavy (398)



# Dating scammer Valeriya Shubina (391)



# Dating scammer alina moskvina (390)



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# Dating scammer Kurdyukova Natalya (388)



# Dating scammer edma (387)



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# Dating scammer Tiffany Melba Bush (384)



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# Dating scammer Lillian Caeser (376)



# Dating scammer mercy bruce/ merci bruce (375)



# Dating scammer Olesya (369)



# Dating scammer janet john (360)



# Dating scammer AYISHA. AZIKA Azika (357)



# Dating scammer Sandra Collin, Lisa Collin (357)



# Dating scammer anna (353)



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# Dating scammer Mary Jose (353)



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# Dating scammer Katty Martins (343)



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# Dating scammer Jennifer C Williams (342)



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# Dating scammer Mills Jessica Powell (341)



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# Dating scammer shayan wilson (334)



# Dating scammer Sandra Fax (334)



# Dating scammer vera rodionova (328)



# Dating scammer Jenny Ingraham (326)



# Dating scammer Elena Filimonova (321)



# Dating scammer Oksana (321)



# Dating scammer mary jose (321)



# Dating scammer Rufina Vashtovitts (320)



# Dating scammer laura wede (316)



# Dating scammer Marah Jones (316)



# Dating scammer Yuliya Tsuyplyakowa (315)



# Dating scammer (309)



# Dating scammer mary johnson (308)



# Dating scammer Nazgul (308)



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# Dating scammer rosemary (304)



# Dating scammer Irina Zavyalova (302)



# Dating scammer Shola Bankole (300)



# Dating scammer Juliana (294)



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# Dating scammer Irene Weese (290)



# Dating scammer Lana Cornelius (290)



# Dating scammer Oksana (289)



# Dating scammer Alima Aishatu (288)



# Dating scammer Serah Donald (287)



# Dating scammer olga (287)



# Dating scammer Nadenka (286)



# Dating scammer Glory (282)



# Dating scammer Kate (280)



# Dating scammer Aleksandra Erasowa (279)



# Dating scammer esther robet (277)



# Dating scammer Ekuterina (277)



# Dating scammer renybabylove’s (276)



# Dating scammer Anita Smith (275)



# Dating scammer Ann Konadu (275)



# Dating scammer dinara? (274)



# Dating scammer Lizzy Lee (273)



# Dating scammer mastcap (271)



# Dating scammer Zalia Rumate, rahima karim, Ramatu Ali (271)



# Dating scammer Joyceline B. (269)



# Dating scammer Juliet Martins (262)



# Dating scammer happy mabou (261)



# Dating scammer Stella Davies (255)



# Dating scammer Nastya rasinova (255)



# Dating scammer Cythia (254)



# Dating scammer tessy curtis (252)



# Dating scammer Latifa Issak (251)



# Dating scammer sandria (247)



# Dating scammer elena (245)



# Dating scammer Kseniya Tokareva (243)



# Dating scammer Nataliya (237)



# Dating scammer tasha gariba (233)



# Dating scammer Lehua Smith (232)



# Dating scammer olenka u olga (229)



# Dating scammer Dina Borquaye, Muff, Joyce42, Yvonne Nelson (228)



# Dating scammer Deborah Young (227)



# Dating scammer Kewsi Arhin (225)



# Dating scammer Mellina Badmus (223)



# Dating scammer evgeniyakroshka (221)



# Dating scammer Tatyana (220)



# Dating scammer priscilla afful (218)



# Dating scammer ciara jeff (218)



# Dating scammer Jessica (213)



# Dating scammer Funmi Taiwo, Ola Pelemo (213)



# Dating scammer Jennifer (208)



# Dating scammer Rebecca Ofori (197)



# Dating scammer Betty Bess (196)



# Dating scammer amanda morgan (196)



# Dating scammer Lena (195)



# Dating scammer kristina vandor (193)



# Dating scammer Lousia Amissah (190)



# Dating scammer marina (189)



# Dating scammer teena usman (188)



# Dating scammer Maame Ashanti (187)



# Dating scammer Abigail Asiedu (182)



# Dating scammer Nataliya Wooten (180)



# Dating scammer Becky Salman (179)



# Dating scammer Grace Garett (177)



# Dating scammer ekaterina golubeva (176)



# Dating scammer ekaterina (175)



# Dating scammer Rose Raj or Rose Carlson (171)



# Dating scammer EUNICE VALES (170)



# Dating scammer Hope Garang Demabior (169)



# Dating scammer alexandra (168)



# Dating scammer Ruka (166)



# Dating scammer pattricia tommi (163)



# Dating scammer Joanne Moore (163)



# Dating scammer rose mary danyo (161)



# Dating scammer Rose Parker (158)



# Dating scammer Rihanna, TrustyAryee, (158)



# Dating scammer patience anin (155)



# Dating scammer angela anderson (153)



# Dating scammer Comfort Young (152)



# Dating scammer Sameria (151)



# Dating scammer mirjaf (150)



# Dating scammer Klokpah (148)



# Dating scammer Natalya (147)



# Dating scammer Gretel Danso, Bless Mary, Mary Danso, Rebeca, Jenet (144)



# Dating scammer natalya (141)



# Dating scammer tina law (140)



# Dating scammer Mumuni Issah (138)



# Dating scammer Balikisu Issa (137)



# Dating scammer Emmanuella duuti (136)



# Dating scammer Jil stevens, Steven Jones, Steeven Jones (136)



# Dating scammer Jane Joel (134)



# Dating scammer Ekaterina (133)



# Dating scammer Julie (132)



# Dating scammer cindy saddiq amin (128)



# Dating scammer Forouck (128)



# Dating scammer Tina Ibijuwon (126)



# Dating scammer joy andrew /Joy Ipere (119)



# Dating scammer beatrice atkins (117)



# Dating scammer Bentte Ndoh (110)



# Dating scammer Alisa Gunko; ‘Bonya’ (98)



# Dating scammer Anastasiya (88)



# Dating scammer Anna Sherstneva (83)



# Dating scammer Mary Santos, Reggy Reggy (82)



# Dating scammer mariam Daillo (80)



# Dating scammer Tina Oumar (69)



# Dating scammer Yuliya (68)



# Dating scammer Olga (58)



# Dating scammer DUKA NATALIA (75861)



# Dating scammer Ludmila from Volzhsk, Russia (50683)



# Dating scammer IP-Address 91.144.161 (…) (49677)



# Dating scammer Natalja Kovaleva from Mogocha near Chita in Russia (41051)



# Dating scammer Zinnah Emannuel, Shaku Mathew, Waramatu Abubakari, Lawura Muniru (39099)



# Dating scammer Natalya Solce (37512)



# Dating scammer Marina Kuznecova, Marina Kuznezova, Anastasiya Ryabinina (36937)



# Dating scammer shaku mathew (35261)



# Dating scammer tatyana (34052)



# Dating scammer Katya from Helsinky, Finnland (or Russia?) (33109)



# Dating scammer Marina from Kazan, Russia (30601)



# Dating scammer Vanessa (Bill Anderson) in Nigeria (29727)



# Dating scammer Uliya Buharina Cheremkhovo from Russia (29409)



# Letters by dating scammer Olga Patsyuk from Saransk, Russia (29402)



# Dating scammer Olga Chalkova from Volzhsk, Russia (28872)



# Dating scammer Tatyana Ponomareva from Sanchursk, Russia (24794)



# Dating scammer Ilina Tatiana (24044)



# Dating scammer Alena Pikusova from Kostroma, Russia (22389)



# Dating scammer Victoria Flegentova (21494)



# Dating scammer Lawura Muniru (20786)



# Dating scammer Jane Mitchell; Lora; Funmi Williams; Beck Edwards (20183)



# Dating scammer Yulija (18863)



# Dating scammer Brenda Garcia (18647)



# Dating scammer Tatyana Vereschagina taninau@rambler. ru from Russia (18540)



# Dating scammer ekaterina pashkova (18283)



# Letters by dating scammer Zinaida Sharipova from Russia (17741)



# Dating scammer Irina Burdova from Izhevsk, Russia (17114)



# Dating scammer Svetlana Karsanova from Helsinki, Finland (16757)



# Dating scammer Anastasiya Sokolova (16746)



# Letters from Lilia Sultanawa in Biysk, Russia (16515)



# Dating scammer Marina Earina (16418)



# Dating scammer Linda/Anna Gavrilova from Moscow, Russia (16301)



# Dating scammer Evgenija Hlebutina (16114)



# Dating scammer Jennifer James (15760)



# Letters from dating scammer Olga in Russia (15666)



# Dating scammer vasilina gorunowa (15566)



# Dating scammer Tatyana Yachmeneva (15476)



# Dating scammer Olya (15338)



# Vera Zhokova (15121)



# Dating scammer Vicktoriya (vicktoriyamakarova@gmail. com) from Russia (14950)



# Dating scammer SOPHIE YOUNG (14744)



# Dating scammer Yana (14187)



# Dating scammer Eugenia Gospodchicova from Yekaterinburg, Russia (14150)



# Dating scammer Elena Kudina (13550)



# Dating scammer Jessy Abby Hopkins from Lagos, Nigeria (13083)



# Dating scammer ZHANNA (12912)



# Dating scammer Alsu Burhanova (12825)



# Dating scammer Liliya Alexandrova, Liliya Hasanovm Liliya Hasanov (12661)



# Dating scammer Natalya, Natalia (12648)



# Dating scammer Helen G (12402)



# Dating scammer Alena Kuznetsova from Cheboksary, Russia (12048)



# Dating scammer Elena (12029)



# Dating scammer Tessy Koya from Ikeja, Nigeria (11381)



# Dating scammer Elena Kalinina dorogusha06@yahoo. com from Russia (11317)



# Dating scammer Sandra Da_Rocha from Accra/Ghana (11257)



# Dating scammer Alyona (11131)



# Dating scammer Nataliya Owechkina (11008)



# Letters from Nadya Lopatina (Nadezhda Lopatina) (10635)



# Dating scammer Dinara Kondratieva (10589)



# Letters from dating scammer Natalia Serebryakova (10475)



# Dating scammer Irina Zinchenko from Moscow, Russia (10439)



# Dating scammer mary watson (10412)



# Dating scammer Amina Bagautdinova (10404)



# Dating scammer Irina from Yaroslavl, Russia (10342)



# Dating scammer Alina from Severodonetsk (Ukrain) (10137)



# Dating scammer Naily, Anna, Anastasiya, Maria, Kitty (9960)



# Dating scammer Jennifer Hinson from Accra, Ghana (9930)



# Dating scammer Natalya Ocinkona, Polonsky Vsevolod Vladimirovich (9832)



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суббота, 24 января 2015 г.

Speed dating ростов-на-дону

Отзывы о курсах Bigwig



Сергей оставил отзыв в 12:18, 27 сентября, 2012 +1 BigWig - небольшой, но дружный и динамично развивающийся клуб



Участие ни к чему не обязывает, но позволяет хорошо провести время, а если хочется и вправду поработать над своим уровнем, это - хотя бы тренировка. Организаторы клуба также ведут курсы английского, на которых можно позаниматься своим языком предметно



В целом - nice) Моя оценка курсов Ответить



Алина оставила отзыв в 13:37, 27 сентября, 2012 0 В Бигвиге действительно с интересом и внимательностью пожходят к ученикам. сестра отходила на курсы, к родителям лично преподаватель приезжает сама. родители довольны и оказывается могут и сами изъясняться на английском))) сейчас посоветовала своему мужчине, с его придирчивостью и нежеланием учиться, пока ходит и кажется доволен)



сама иногда хожу на разгворные встречи, посольку это не огромная корпоративная сеть, здесь почти каждого знают в лицо и встречают как своего, приходишь как будто в гости к другу, на чай. и, при всём этом, каких-то претензий по качеству ни от кого не слышала :) Моя оценка курсов Ответить



Фёдор оставил отзыв в 15:40, 27 сентября, 2012 0 Bigwig - это не просто языковой клуб, но это сообщество людей с которыми всегда приятно проводить время. Посещать мероприятия Bigwig позволяет не только подтянуть свой язык, но также завести новых друзей и знакомых. Я посещал клуб еще только когда он появлялся на свет как небольшие выходные вечерние встречи любителей поговорить на английском на всевозможные темы и могу сказать что клуб держится на потрясающем энтузиазме организаторов, которые любят свое дело, и людях которых они притягивают. Моя оценка курсов Ответить



Елена оставила отзыв в 10:57, 28 сентября, 2012 0 Всем добрый день!



Могу сказать о Big Wig только хорошее. Училась в более чем 10 различных школах/курсах, но нигде так хорошо и душевно не было. Даша и Света - руководители клуба делают все для того, чтобы человек, пришедший к ним получил не только гарматику или лексику, но и радость от обучения. Очень радует контингент обучающихся - это люди целеустрамленные, яркие, интересные - с некоторыми мы продолжаем общаться и за пределами клуба. Что я рекомендую для тех, кто все же решился зайти посмотерть что такое Big Wig.



1. Познакомиться с преподавателем Галиной - а потом поделиться впечателениями здесь ;) Это просто вихрь креатива, энергии и английского.



2. Принимать участие в активностях в клубе: просмотр фильмов, мафия на англ. speed-dating! игры в activity на англ. и многое другое.



3. Принимать участие в активностях клуба за пределами школы: Big Wig часто устраивают квесты в парках, поездки на базы отдыха с программой, которая запомнится на долго, прогулки верхом с инструктором на англ. яз. лимузин пати.



Важно, что атмосфера в клубе теплая, дружелюбная: на каждое занятие - чашка чая с печенькой, хорошее настроение, молодость, энергия, креатив ;) Английский здесь превращается в родной. Скучно уж точно не будет! Моя оценка курсов Ответить



Ольга оставила отзыв в 12:36, 30 сентября, 2012 +1 Первое, что вы должны понять перед тем как искать школу иностранного языка, что только от вас зависит результат. Никто знания в вашу голову никакими особыми методиками и упорными тренировками не вложит. Но в Big Wig постороят занятия так, что каждое будет в радость, вы будете полнотью погружаться в иноязычную среду, где сможете проводить время с огромным удовольствием и растущими знаниями.



Огромные разнообразие в выборе занятий! Это могут быть игры, фильмы, различные мероприятия и традиционные уроки. В общем все на ваш вкус.



Более дружелюбной атмосферы не встретите нигде в Москве! А согласитесь, за партой по струнке уже всем надоело сидеть.



Света, Даша, Салман, Галя, Хайди, Маша очень быстро станут вашими друзьями и помогут стать настоящим профи в иностранном зыке. Моя оценка курсов Ответить



Анна оставила отзыв в 17:24, 6 октября, 2012 0 Bigwig отличный центр для изучения языков! Ходила туда на курсы для начинающих - очень помогли. Преодолела все страхи разговаривать на языке. Там учат не только грамматике, но самое главное умению общаться, ведь это очень важно. Преподаватели и администраторы клуба очень внимательные, всегда помогут, подскажут, посоветуют. Там постоянно устраиваются тематические мероприятия, в том числе выездные, атмосфера в коллективе просто супер, благодаря администраторам (Девушки знают и любят свое дело, чем "заражают" многих)! Вообщем советую всем. Моя оценка курсов Ответить



Сергей Смирнов оставил отзыв в 15:19, 4 декабря, 2012 0 Лучшее место для изучения изучения иностранного языка!



- молодые преподаватели - учат весело и интересно



- современный подход - это тот английский, на котором реально разговаривают и пишут (а не тот, что в старых учебниках)



- много интерсных возможностей для общения: кино-клуб, знакомства, выезды, игры



Просто очень интересное и класное место, здесь всегда кипит жизнь и общение. Сюда хочется возворащаться снова и снова =) Моя оценка курсов Ответить



Petya Kohts оставил отзыв в 15:41, 4 декабря, 2012 +3 Bigiwig это не еще одни курсы, где вас за месяц-два натаскивают для сдачи TOEFL, IELTS, SAT, GMAT или какого-нибудь еще экзамена. Bigwig - это такое настроение, когда не хочется идти в большой и пафосный ресторан, а хочется оказаться в небольшом уютном кафе с домашней кухней и небезразличным собеседником. И за незатейливым разговором вдруг находятся ответы на давно назревшие вопросы - к тому же на английском языке! Bigwig для меня это место, чтобы перевести дух и собраться с силами перед большим соревнованием. Спасибо Светлане и Дарье за чудесную атмосферу и индивидуальный подход :-)



Моя оценка курсов Ответить



Татьяна Тихонова оставил отзыв в 21:03, 9 декабря, 2012 +1 Если Вы хотите повысить свой уровень владения языком, избавиться от языкового барьера или просто приятно провести время в хорошей компании, тогда Bigwig - это именно то место, где все это из планов может стать явью! Сюда всегда приятно приходить! Всегда здесь чувствуешь себя долгожданным гостем! Побольше бы таких мест в Москве! Спасибо ребятам за то, что они делают! Моя оценка курсов Ответить



Кам оставил отзыв в 02:14, 5 февраля, 2013 0 Бигвиг меня научил английскому. в теплой дружественной атмосфере, приходите и сами убедитесь. что я не обманываю! Моя оценка курсов Ответить



Дарья оставила отзыв в 02:15, 5 февраля, 2013 0 Хожу на мафию, очень нравится. Ребята, просто супер! Моя оценка курсов Ответить



Людмила оставил отзыв в 11:44, 5 февраля, 2013 +2 Отличное место. где можно в хорошей компании и с пользой для себя провести вечерок. Встречи проходят каждый день и на любой вкус. Часто проходят выездные мероприятия. Мне лично очень нравиться это место, хожу с удовольствием. Можно купить безлимитный абонемент и ходить хоть каждый день! Организаторы постоянно придумывают что-то новенькое, чтобы было еще интересней. Спасибо Вам! Вы молодцы! Моя оценка курсов Ответить



Кристина Зейналова оставила отзыв в 14:18, 22 апреля, 2013 +2 Всем привет!



Если Вы ищете курсы для реального изучения иностранного языка, то это непременно BIgwig!



У меня был опыт посещения других курсов, но результат был нулевой. По рекомендации друзей пришла на пробное занятие в Bigwig и мне понравилось!



Здесь чувствуешь себя комфортно, и для меня это главное. Приятные преподаватели, к которым не страшно обратиться с вопросом, и они всегда готовы все объяснить, уютная обстановка и шаговая доступность от метро! Моя оценка курсов Ответить



Люба Курочкина оставила отзыв в 16:35, 1 августа, 2013 0 Обожаю bigwig! В первую очередь - за атмосферу. Уже почти год играю там в мафию и сама не заметила, как без малейших усилий с моей стороны значительно улучшился разговорный английский) Приходишь туда как к себе домой :)) Моя оценка курсов Ответить



Мария Бобылева оставила отзыв в 17:30, 23 декабря, 2013 0 Мне очень нравятся преподаватели. Я с удовольствием хожу туда каждое воскресенье. Очень внимательные педагоги: все доходчиво объясняют, чувствуешь как раз за разом начинаешь говорить больше на английском! Помимо этого Бигвиг постоянно устраивает разнообразные мероприятия для студентов. Жду не дождусь, когда смогу присоединиться к ним и начну разговаривать наравне с продвинутыми студентами! Спасибо Бигвиг огромное! Моя оценка курсов Ответить



Боронина Анастасия оставила отзыв в 21:28, 28 апреля, 2014 0 Здравствуйте, уже несколько месяцев хожу на курсы и меня все устраивает. Во-первых, преподаватели, во-вторых, открыла для себя новый вид изучения английского языка - это разговорные клубы, всем советую! А еще мне безумно нравится, что в Бигвиг постоянно придумывают какие-нибудь мероприятия, там всегда весело) Моя оценка курсов Ответить



Мария Бобылева оставила отзыв в 15:19, 12 мая, 2014 0 Определенно, это прорыв в области изучения языков. Удивительное сочетание качества, стоимости и результата! С каждым занятием чувствую себя все более уверенно, столько всего полезного узнала и все это с легкостью уложилось в голове! Эти курсы - настоящая находка для тех, кто хочет реально выучить язык! Моя оценка курсов Ответить



Даша Климова оставила отзыв в 19:24, 12 августа, 2014 0 Хочу рассказать про мафию на английском языке. Игра очень интересная, проходит по субботам. Мне очень помогла научиться быстро разговаривать.



Очень рекомендую! Моя оценка курсов Ответить



Григорий Кость оставил отзыв в 19:35, 12 августа, 2014 0 Я искал для себя место, чтобы заниматься тем, чем мне хотелось. Бигвик стал для меня визитной карточкой. Я ходил на открытые уроки и занятия. Посещал разговорные клубы не один раз. Я посмотрел как проходят разговорные клубы, занятия и мне понравилось. Классные преподаватели, весёлая атмосфера, дружелюбные люди, постоянные мероприятия чтобы дать шанс людям совершенствовать языки. С этого момента я не стал искать другой клуб, расценки вполне приличные и я убедился в этом.



Всем настоятельно рекомендую для тех, кто хочет продолжать учить языки и для тех, кто обычно ходит в разговорные клубы чтобы провести время, оторваться от суеты, развиться и несомненно развивать свой язык! Моя оценка курсов Ответить



Eu Ki оставил отзыв в 19:56, 12 августа, 2014 0 Большой выбор курсов и преподавателей. Пришел к ним на бесплатный урок и с удовольствием понял, что учеба может быть живой, интересной и в радость. Потом плавно стал ходить к ним на разговорные клубы и из опыта могу сказать, что нигде в Москве не видел такого сочетания дружественной атмосферы и хорошей подачи материала. По факту знания сами укладываются в голову. Не заметил как стал ходить и на другие их мероприятия - это не школа, а целый социум, где для себя нашел языки, сальсу, пикники и кучу классного настроения. Моя оценка курсов Ответить



Николай Краюшкин оставил отзыв в 22:06, 12 августа, 2014 0 Хотел бы отметить две вещи, которые на меня повлияли больше всего при выборе курсов английского языка.



Во-первых, соотношение цена/качество. Я долго искал курсы для изучения английского языка и такого высокого качества при таких ценах не видел нигде.



Во-вторых, очень понравилось отношение в центре. Очень приятная и тёплая атмосфера царит всегда как вне занятий, так и на самих занятиях. Буду и дальше обучаться на данных курсах.



Большое спасибо всем сотрудникам центра Bigwig за отличную работу и тёплое отношение!



Моя оценка курсов Ответить



Виктория Плужникова оставила отзыв в 13:47, 13 августа, 2014 0 Занималась английским на upper-intermediate с Мартином - месяц перед поездкой в Лондон, чтобы освежить язык и разговориться. Очень понравилось! Мартин - отличный преподаватель, великолепно находит подход ко всем, дает возможность высказаться (если необходимо - по принуждению=). Совмещение позитва и эффективности. Спасибо! Моя оценка курсов Ответить



Даша Климова оставила отзыв в 20:37, 6 сентября, 2014 0 Я хожу на мафию по субботам. Часто приходят носители языка и иностранцы. Очень интересно и язык быстро учится!



Еще хочу порекомендовать английский клуб по четвергам. Очень нравится. Моя оценка курсов Ответить



Aleksandra Ristic оставила отзыв в 21:03, 6 сентября, 2014 0 Bigwig is one of those places where you can really feel yourself at home. A lot of different languages, conversation clubs, psychology clubs, workshops, and of course - Mafia, all of that in a positive and friendly atmosphere with awesome people. I warmly recommend this experience to everyone - you can improve your language skills and meet new and interesting people with similar interests :) Моя оценка курсов Ответить



Alexandra Karnaukhova оставила отзыв в 21:04, 6 сентября, 2014 0 Мне понравился формат разговорных клубов, а также игра мафия на английском.



При хорошем пассивном знании английского мне не хватало практики его активного применения - и разговорные клубы позволяют достаточно быстро вспомнить то, что нужно, и подтянуть навыки говорения. К плюсам можно отнести непринужденную и дружественную атмосферу клуба, индивидуальный подход к студентам, возможность пообщаться с носителями языка и найти новых друзей.



Моя оценка курсов Ответить



Mary Zelenova оставила отзыв в 14:42, 7 сентября, 2014 0 Отличное место! Самое главное - дружественная и непринужденная атмосфера на сто процентов располагает к повышению уровня языка. Очень много носителей, причем не только английского! Мое самое любимое - это мероприятия, которые Бигвиг устраивает достаточно часто. Всегда весело и продуктивно. Рекомендую! Моя оценка курсов Ответить



Лариса Шемент оставила отзыв в 15:59, 7 сентября, 2014 0 Я с Bigwig уже почти три года. Обожаю и преподавателей и людей, которые там собираются. На курсы не хожу, но часто бываю в клубах: разговорный, психологический и, конечно, мафия! Интересные темы для общения, креатив и душевная атмосфера. В такой обстановке приятно находиться и поддерживать свой уровень языка. Мафия прекрасно помогает ребятам - завсегдатаям клуба - преодолеть барьер и разговориться без усилий. Activities - это отдельная тема. От соревнований по бильярду до поездок за границу, все очень душевно! Люблю вас, Bidwig! Моя оценка курсов Ответить



Кристина Лунева оставила отзыв в 00:25, 8 сентября, 2014 +1 Мне очень нравится Bigwig)) По многим причинам. За его теплую и дружественную атмосферу. Здесь я среди близких друзей, сердечных и общительных людей. И конечно же за то, что можно подтянуть разные стороны иностранного языка, от грамматики до разговорных навыков. Уроки проходят весело и непринужденно))) И это просто здорово)) Мафия супер)) Рекомендую. Моя оценка курсов Ответить



Евгений Киршин оставил отзыв в 07:55, 9 сентября, 2014 0 Отличная школа. Классная подача материала и молодые преподаватели-иностранцы.



Как-то само собой оказалось, что стал хорошо понимать на слух и лучше объясняться. Моя оценка курсов Ответить



Таня Валеева оставила отзыв в 00:36, 16 сентября, 2014 +1 С удовольствием хожу на курсы английского в Bigwig! Очень хороший коллектив, преподаватели отличные, атмосфера очень приятная, дружеская. Очень нравится, что Bigwig находится в центре Москвы-удобно добираться на занятия. Хожу уже почти год и очень довольна результатом! Моя оценка курсов Ответить



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Вечера проводятся в ресторанах Москвы. Вас ждут развлекательная программа с ведущими, танцевальные конкурсы, музыка, призы, яркие эмоции и, конечно, новые интересные реальные знакомства.



Экспресс-знакомства дают возможность за один вечер приобрести 20-30 новых знакомств, а выбор за Вами!



Чтобы попасть на встречу Вам необходимо зарегистрироваться на ближайшую вечеринку и получить приглашение .



Здесь перед вами гостеприимно раскрывает свои двери уникальный клуб - клуб "Дуэт". Мы предлагаем вам разнообразить свою жизнь с помощью проверенного средства - интересного общения. Кто-то найдет здесь вторую половинку, а кто-то просто отдохнет от стресса столицы.



Теперь подробнее коснемся того, как вы можете попасть на вечеринки. Как профессиональный клуб знакомств и встреч, мы всегда держим вас в курсе предстоящих мероприятий. Это позволит вам правильно выбрать тематику вечера в соответствии со своими желаниями. Каждая вечеринка флирта долгое время готовится нашими сотрудниками. Есть несколько форматов вечеринок: романтический вечер знакомств - приглашается 45-60 человек, равное количество мужчин и женщин. Знакомство происходит во время перехода от столика к столику. За 7-8 минут общения люди успевают познакомиться и понять возникла ли взаимная симпатия и желание общаться дальше. Тут же можно обменяться контактами, закрепить новое знакомство можно медленным танцем, на вечере обязательно много красивой и романтичной музыки. А также ведущий проводит шуточные конкурсы и розыгрыши, что создает непринужденную атмосферу для общения! Для любителей динамичной и клубной атмосферы - добро пожаловать на клубную вечеринку "Замки и Ключи"! На эту вечеринку собирается 150-200 человек, желающих познакомиться и найти свою вторую половинку. Все девушки при входе на вечеринку получают замочки, а мужчины ключи. Необходимо всего лишь нужно проверить подходит ли ключ к замку! Это легко и весело, попробуйте, Вам понравится! Знатокам любви подойдут вечера - "Что? Где? Когда?". Это азартное и захватывающее мероприятие - не только море флирта, но и море эмоций. Вечера "Что? Где? Когда?"- это симбиоз между классическим speed deting (быстрые знакомства) и викториной в стиле телевизионной игры "Что? Где? Когда?".



В клубе знакомств "Дуэт" нет места одиночеству, банальным вопросам и скучным ответам. Только веселье, увлекательное общение, игры, представления и много новых друзей и подруг. Вечеринки знакомств-экспрес хороши своей динамичностью. Одинаковых вечеринок не бывает!



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Dating лихорадка

Города штата Калифорния



Несмотря на огромные горные территории Калифорнии, экономическая жизнь штата сосредоточена в низовьях долины, где расположены четыре из двадцати крупнейших городов США: Лос-Анджелес, Сан-Диего, Сан-Хосе и Сан-Франциско.



Столицей Калифорнии является город Сакраменто (Sacramento), в мегаполисе которого проживает 1340 тысяч человек. Во времена Калифорнийской золотой лихорадки 1849 года Сакраменто стал центром района старателей.



Сакраменто - столица Калифорнии



Лос-Анджелес (Los Angeles) – самый большой город Калифорнии и крупнейший центр по производству того, что во всем мире называется Американской Мечтой. По этим самым улицам в шикарных автомобилях разъезжают знаменитые голливудские звезды.



Лос-Анджелес



Шестым по величине городом США является калифорнийский Сан-Диего (San Diego) - важнейшая база военно-морского флота США. На территории городского парка Balboa Park находится множество музеев, ботанических садов и знаменитый зоопарк San Diego Zoo.



Сан-Диего



Калифорнийский город Сан-Франциско (San Francisco) - один из красивейших, интереснейших и огромнейших центров культуры, финансового мира и производства США. Городской трамвай фуникулера, сказочный район "Чайна-таун" и прекрасные зеленые холмы, на которых раскинулся Фриско, окутывают гостей города неподражаемым очарованием и шармом Сан-Франциско.



Сан-Франциско



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Background [ edit ]



Extraction of latex from a rubber tree.



Natural rubber is an elastomer. also known as tree gum, India rubber, and caoutchouc, which comes from the rubber tree in tropical regions. Christopher Columbus was the one of the first Europeans to bring news of this odd substance back to Europe, but he was not the only one to report it. Around 1736, a French astronomer recalled how Amerindians used rubber to waterproof shoes and cloaks. He brought several samples of rubber back to France. Rubber was used as an eraser by scientist Joseph Priestley in England.



It was not until the 1800s that practical uses of rubber were developed and the demand for rubber began. The first factory for rubber products (suspenders (US) or braces (UK)) was in Paris. France. in the year 1803. [ citation needed ] However, the material still had disadvantages: at room temperature, it was sticky. At higher temperatures, the rubber became softer and stickier, while at lower temperatures it became hard and rigid.



The South Amerindians first discovered rubber; sometime dating back to 1600BC. They used it in a ball in a game they called tlachtlic. The Amerindians in the Amazon rainforest developed ways to extract rubber from the rubber tree ( Hevea brasiliensis ), a member of the Euphorbiaceae family.



A white liquid called latex is extracted from the stem of the rubber tree, which contains on average 35% hydrocarbons. in particular 2-methylbuta-1,3-diene (C 5 H 8 ), commercially known as isoprene. the monomer of rubber. Latex is a practically neutral substance, with a pH of 7.0 to 7.2. However, when it is exposed to the air for 12 to 24 hours, its pH falls to 5.0, and it spontaneously coagulates to form the polymer rubber, represented by (C 5 H 8 ) n . where "n" is of the order of 10,000 and gives a molecular mass of 600,000 to 950,000 g/mol.



Rubber produced in this fashion has disadvantages. For example, exposure to air causes it to mix with various materials, which is perceptible and can cause rot, as well as a temperature-dependent stickiness. Industrial treatment was developed to remove the impurities and vulcanize the rubber, a process that eliminated its undesirable qualities. This process gives it superior mechanical properties, and causes it to lose its sticky character, and become stable - resistant to solvents and variations in temperature.



Effects on indigenous population [ edit ]



A photo of enslaved Amazon Indians from the 1912 book "The Putumayo, the Devil's Paradise"



The rubber boom and the associated need for a large workforce had a significant negative effect on the indigenous population across Brazil, Peru, Ecuador and Colombia. As rubber plantations grew, labor shortages increased. The owners of the plantations or rubber barons were rich, but those who collected the rubber made very little as a large amount of rubber was needed to be profitable. The rubber barons rounded up all the Indians and forced them to tap rubber out of the trees. One plantation started with 50,000 Indians and when discovered of the killings, only 8,000 were still alive. Slavery and gross human rights abuses were widespread, and in some areas 90% of the Indian population was wiped out. These rubber plantations were part of the Brazilian rubber market, which declined as rubber plantations in Southeast Asia became more effective. [ 1 ]



Roger Casement. an Irishman travelling the Putumayo region of Peru as a British consul during 1910-1911 documented the abuse, slavery, murder and use of stocks for torture against the native Indians: [ 2 ]



"The crimes charged against many men now in the employ of the Peruvian Amazon Company are of the most atrocious kind, including murder, violation, and constant flogging."



"The horrendous atrocities that were unleashed on the Indian people of the Amazon during the height of the rubber boom were like nothing that had been seen since the first days of the Spanish Conquest."



First rubber boom, 1879–1912 [ edit ]



For the first four and a half centuries following the discovery of the New World. the native populations of the Amazon Basin lived practically in isolation. The area was vast and impenetrable, no gold or precious stones had been found there, as neither colonial Brazil nor imperial Brazil was able to create incentives for development in the region. The regional economy was based on use of diverse natural resources in the region, but development was concentrated in coastal areas.



Rubber: sure wealth [ edit ]



The Industrial Revolution in Europe led to demand for uses that natural rubber could satisfy. At that time, it was exclusively found in the Amazon Basin. It was a desirable commodity, valued at a high price, and thought to create wealth and dividends for whoever would dare invest in the trade.



From the beginning of the second half of the 19th century, rubber began to exert a strong attraction to visionary entrepreneurs. The activity of latex extraction in the Amazon revealed its lucrative possibilities. Natural rubber soon achieved a place of distinction in the industries of Europe and North America, reaching a high price. This caused various people to travel to Brazil with the intention of learning more about the rubber tree and the process of latex extraction, from which they hoped to make their fortunes.



Because of the growth of rubber extraction, industrial processing and related activities, numerous cities and towns swelled on waves of immigrants. In 1855, over 2,100 tons of rubber was exported from the Amazon; a figure which reached 10,000 tons by 1879. [ 3 ] Belem and Manaus were transformed and urbanized. Manaus was the first Brazilian city to be urbanized and the second to be electrified (the first was Campos dos Goytacazes. in Rio de Janeiro). [ citation needed ]



Development of railroads [ edit ]



The rubber boom justified the construction of the Madeira Mamore Railroad



Developers in Bolivia in 1846 began to promote the idea of constructing a railroad along the Madeira and Mamore Rivers. in order to reach ports on the Atlantic Ocean for its export products. Its territory did not reach the coast.



Rivers had long been the key to navigation and travel through the Amazon Basin. An initial proposal was based on travel up the Mamore in Bolivia and down the Madeira River in Brazil. But, the river course had substantial obstacles to industrial-level transport: twenty cataracts obstructed navigation. Constructing a railroad to bypass the problematic stretches of the rivers was the only solution.



In 1867, in Brazil, also trying to develop a simple way to transport the rubber, the engineers Jose and Francisco Keller organized a large expedition. They explored the rubber region of the Madeira River to find the most productive region and the most effective course for the railroad.



Although the idea of river navigation was complicated, in 1869, the North American engineer George Earl Church obtained from the Bolivian government a concession to create and explore a navigation enterprise that linked the Mamore and Madeira Rivers. Shortly afterwards, he realized the real difficulty of this undertaking. He changed the plans to construction of a railroad. Negotiations advanced and, by 1870, Church received permission from the Brazilian government to build a railroad along the rubber territories of the Madeira River.



The Acre question [ edit ]



The territory of Acre state in modern Brazil



The increase in uncontrolled extraction of rubber was increasing tensions and close to provoking an international conflict. The Brazilian workers advanced further and further into the forests in the territory of Bolivia in search of new rubber trees for extraction, creating conflicts and skirmishes on the frontier towards the end of the 19th century. The Bolivian Army, led by Jose Placido de Castro. was sent into the area to protect Bolivian resources. The newly proclaimed Brazilian republic was drawing a considerable profit from the lucrative rubber trade, but the "Acre question" (as the border conflicts caused by rubber extraction became known) preoccupied it.



Intervention by the diplomat Barao do Rio Branco and the ambassador Joaquim Francisco de Assis Brasil. in part financed by the "rubber barons," led to negotiations with Bolivia and the signing of the Treaty of Petropolis. signed November 17, 1903 during the government of president Francisco de Paula Rodrigues Alves. While it halted conflict with Bolivia, the treaty guaranteed effective control by Brazil of the forests of Acre.



Brazil was given possession of the region by Bolivia in exchange for territories in Mato Grosso. a payment of two million pounds sterling, and the compromise of constructing the railroad to connect to the Madeira River. This would enable Bolivia to transport its goods, primarily rubber, to the Brazilian ports of the Atlantic at the mouth of the Amazon River. Initially Belem in Para was designated as the destination.



Because of the peaceful resolution of this issue, the capital of Acre was named Rio Branco after the Brazilian diplomat. Two of the municipalities in the state were named Assis Brasil and Placido de Castro. after the ambassador and another key figure.



Madeira-Mamore Railway [ edit ]



The Madeira Mamore Railway became known as the "Devil's Railroad" on account of having caused the death of around six thousand workers (in legends said to be one dead worker per railroad tie attached to the rails) was constructed by the United States corporation Percival Farquhar. The construction of the railroad began in 1907 during the government of Afonso Augusto Moreira Pena and was one of the most significant episodes in the history of the occupation of the Amazon, revealing the clear attempt to integrate it into the global marketplace via the commercialization of rubber.



On April 30, 1912, the final stretch of the Madeira-Mamore Railroad was completed. The occasion was commemorated by the arrival of the first train to the city of Guajara-Mirim. founded on that same day.



First, the price of latex fell precipitously in the world market, making the trade of rubber from the Amazon unviable. Also, the transport of products that could have been transported by the Madeira-Mamore Railroad were taken by two other railroads, one in Chile and the other in Argentina, and the Panama Canal. which became active on August 15, 1914.



Added to this, the natural factor, the Amazon forest, with its high level of rainfall and rapid growth, destroyed entire stretches of the rails, leveled ground, and bridges, reclaiming a large part of the way that people had insisted on clearing to construct the railroad.



The railroad was partially taken out of service in the 1930s and completely in 1972 That year the Trans-Amazonian highway (BR-230) opened. Today, from a total of 364 km of length of railway, about seven remain in active use, used for tourist purposes. The people of Rondonia have fought for revitalization of the railroad, but as of December 1, 2006, the work remains unstarted.



Apogee, elegance, and luxury [ edit ]



Amazon Theatre in Manaus, one of the luxurious buildings built with rubber fortunes.



Belem. the capital of Para state, as well as Manaus. the capital of Amazonas. were the most developed and prosperous cities in Brazil during the rubber boom. They were located in strategic sites, and prominent men in the rubber industry built their numerous and wealthy residences in each. These citizens created the demand that led to both cities being electrified and given running water and sewers.



Their apogee was reached between 1890 and 1920, when they acquired electric trams, avenues built on cleared gullies, as well as imposing and luxurious buildings, such as the polished Teatro Amazonas. the government palace, the municipal market, and the customs house, in the case of Manaus; and the fish market, the iron market, Teatro da Paz. corridors of mango trees, and various residential palaces in the case of Belem, constructed in large part by the intendant Antonio Lemos. These technologies and construction did not take place anywhere else in south and southeast Brazil of the time.



The European influence later became notable in Manaus and Belem, in the architecture and culture; and the two cities enjoyed their greatest economies and influence in the 19th century. The Amazon Basin was the source in the era for nearly 40% of all Brazil's exports. The new riches of Manaus made the city the world capital in the sale of diamonds. Thanks to rubber, the per capita income of Manaus was twice as much as the coffee-producing region (Sao Paulo. Rio de Janeiro and Espirito Santo ).



As payment for the export of rubber, the workers were paid in pounds sterling (?), the currency of the United Kingdom. which circulated in Manaus and Belem during this period.



End of the Amazon's rubber monopoly [ edit ]



The Madeira–Mamore Railroad, finished in 1912, arrived too late. The Amazon was already losing primacy in rubber production, as the English had planted rubber trees in its colonies in Malaysia. Sri Lanka. and tropical Africa. These rubber trees were planted from seeds that Henry Wickham had smuggled out of Brazil in 1876. [ 4 ] These plantations were able to produce latex with greater efficiency and productivity. Consequently, with lower costs and a lower final price, the British Empire assumed control of the world rubber market.



The Amazon's rubber was undercut in the world market and demand for it fell. This rapidly resulted in the stagnation of the regional economy. There was a lack of entrepreneurial or governmental vision to find alternatives for development. The "rubber barons" and economic elite followed the money, leaving the region to seek their next fortunes elsewhere.



Malaysia, which invested in the planting of rubber trees and in latex extraction technology, was the principal cause of the loss of the Brazilian monopoly



Although the railroad and the cities of Porto Velho and Guajara-Mirim remained as a legacy to this bright economic period, the recession caused by the end of the rubber boom left profound scars on the Amazon region. There was a massive loss of state tax income, high levels of unemployment. rural and urban emigration, and abandoned and unneeded housing. Those who remained in the region had few expectations for the future. Deprived of their income, the rubber workers remained in the periphery of Manaus, searching for new work. Because of the lack of housing, in the 1920s they built the cidade flutuante ("floating city"), a type of residence that was consolidated in the 1960s.



To try to stem the crisis, the central government of Brazil created the Superintendencia de Defesa da Borracha ("Superintendency of Defence of Rubber"). It was inefficient and unable to effect real change, and, for this reason, it was eliminated soon after its creation.



In the 1930s, Henry Ford. the United States automobile pioneer, undertook the cultivation of rubber trees in the Amazon region. He established the city of Fordlandia in the west part of Para state, specifically for this end, together with worker housing and planned community amenities. The plantation suffered from a leaf pest and the effort failed.



The second rubber boom, 1942-1945 [ edit ]



Changes in the world economy during the Second World War created a new rubber boom, although it was of brief duration. As Japan dominated the eastern Pacific Ocean from the beginning of 1942 and invaded Malaysia, the rubber plantations there came under their control. 97% of the Asian rubber production was lost to the Allies.



Rubber production returned to the Amazon Basin, incorporating some new technologies. United States companies invested in the region and their managers played an active role. New buildings were constructed in Belem and Manaus. An example was the Grande Hotel, a luxurious hotel constructed in Belem in only three years, which today is the Hilton Hotel.



The rubber battle [ edit ]



Eager to supply the Allied Forces with the rubber needed for war equipment, the Brazilian government made an agreement with the United States government (the Washington Accords ). It set goals for the large-scale extraction of Amazon latex, an operation which became known as the Batalha da borracha ("rubber battle"), for the manpower and effort devoted to the project.



After the rubber forests were abandoned, no more than 35,000 workers remained in the region. The great challenge of Brazil was to increase the annual production of latex from 18,000 to 45,000 tons, as set in the agreement. For this, 100,000 men were needed.



During the same period, the northeast part of Brazil had suffered a devastating drought and an unprecedented crisis for its farmers. Brazil decided to recruit new rubber workers from that region. The Estado Novo in 1943 ordered the compulsory enlisting of workers in the Servico Especial de Mobilizacao de Trabalhadores para a Amazonia (SEMTA; "Special Service of Mobilization of Workers for the Amazon"), based in the northeast, in Fortaleza. Brazilian president Getulio Vargas reduced the problem of the economic blight and at the same time increased colonization of the Amazon Basin.



In addition to SEMTA . the government created other organizations to support the rubber battle: the Superintendencia para o Abastecimento do Vale da Amazonia (SAVA: the Superintendency for the Provisioning of the Amazon Valley), the Servico Especial de Saude Publica (SESP: the Special Service of Public Health), and the Servico de Navegacao da Amazonia e de Administracao do Porto do Para (SNAPP: Navigation Service of the Amazon and Administration of the Port of Para). The Banco de Credito da Borracha (Rubber Credit Bank) was also created. Later in 1950 it became the Banco de Credito da Amazonia (Amazon Credit Bank).



The United States government paid the Brazilian government $100 for every worker delivered to the Amazon



The international organization Rubber Development Corporation (RDC), financed with capital from United States industries, covered the expenses of relocating the migrants (known at the time as brabos ). The United States government paid the Brazilian government $100 for every worker delivered to the Amazon.



In 1849 Manaus had 5,000 inhabitants, expanding in the next half-century to 70,000. During World War II, the region again enjoyed prosperity. Money began to circulate in Manaus, Belem, and other cities and towns nearby, and the regional economy gained strength.



Mosquito, the vector of malaria and yellow fever. diseases which caused many deaths among the rubber workers



For many workers, it was a one-way journey. About 30,000 rubber workers died in the Amazon, after having exhausted their energies extracting the "white gold." They died of malaria. yellow fever. and hepatitis. [ 5 ] They also suffered attacks by animals such as panthers. serpents. and scorpions. The Brazilian government did not fulfill its promise to return the "rubber soldiers" to their homes at the end of the war as heroes and with housing comparable to that of the military veterans. [ 6 ] It is estimated that only about 6,000 workers managed to return to their homes, at their own expense. In the 21st century, the decreasing number of survivors have challenged the government for recognition and compensation for themselves and their families for their contributions to the war effort. [ 6 ]



Legacy [ edit ]



The abrupt end of the first and second rubber booms demonstrate the entrepreneurial incapacity and the lack of vision of the dominant class and politicians of the region. The end of the war brought the loss of the chance to correct the mistakes made after the first rubber boom.



No effective plan of regional sustainable development or improvements to rubber production were made. With the end of the war, the economies of both the winners and losers were reorganized in Europe and Asia. It was the end of the relatively inefficient rubber production in the Amazon. Asian production again quickly supplanted that of the Amazon.



See also [ edit ]



References [ edit ]



"Rubber." Dictionary. com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 31 May 2011. Web. 1 Jun 2011. <http://dictionary. reference. com/browse/rubber >.



Aitchison, Mark. "The Tree that Weeps: A History of Amazon Rubber." Brazilmax. com, n. d. Web. 1 Jun 2011. <http://www. brazilmax. com/columnist. cfm/idcolumn/38 >.



Вегетарианство и права животных в Испании



Такие разные испанцы



Чужая война? Новый взгляд на участие русской эмиграции в испанской гражданской войне (1936–1939)



Реформы определили рост испанской экономики после кризиса



Международный валютный фонд улучшил прогноз роста испанской экономики, заявив, что этот рост стал возможным благодаря либеральным экономическим реформам.



"Экономический рост вернулся в Испанию за счет увеличения экспортных поставок за рубеж и внутреннего спроса населения, что сопровождается улучшением финансового положения страны", - говорится в представленном 7 октября в Вашингтоне докладе Международного валютного фонда (МВФ). В нем прогнозируется, что в 2014 году рост испанской экономики составит 1,3 %, а в следующем - 1,7 %. Эти цифры выше содержавшихся в аналогичном документе, опубликованном весной 2014 года (соответственно 0,9 и 1 %). Одновременно прогноз для Испании явился наиболее оптимистичным, по сравнению с другими странами еврозоны, где средний рост, по данным МВФ, не превысит в этом году 0,8 процента, а в 2015 году - 1,3 %.



Реформы определили рост испанской экономики после кризиса



МИД Испании не рекомендует своим гражданам посещать восток Украины и Крым



В США из Испании экстрадирован создатель электронной платежной системы для отмывки денег



Украинцы, проживающие в Испании, оказали помощь николаевским десантникам



В Мадриде состоялась Всеиспанская конференция российских соотечественников



В Испании побит исторический рекорд в сфере туризма



Война и девальвация рубля пробудила у россиян «туристический национализм»



Европейский парламент одобрил выделение финансовой помощи безработным



Испания приравняет участие во внешних военных конфликтах к терроризму



«Барселона» готовит новый контракт для Педро



Испания и Турция не набрали достаточно голосов для членства в СБ ООН – РИА Новости



Сразу под венец / Женимся, не встречаемся / Marriage Not Dating



Название: Сразу под венец / Женимся, не встречаемся / Marriage Not Dating / Marriage Without Love



Год выпуска: 2014



Дата показа: c 04.07.2014 по 22.08.2014



Страна: Южная Корея



Жанр: Комедия, Романтика



Продолжительность: 60 мин.



Студия: IOK Media



Режиссёр: Сон Хён Ук / Song Hyeon-wook



Хотим: Хейли Клаусон



© 2011-2013 RoyalCheese



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пятница, 23 января 2015 г.

Dating on earth

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Up Next



­You probably have seen or read news stories about fascinating ancient artifacts. At an ar­chaeological dig, a piece of wooden tool is unearthed and the archaeologist finds it to be 5,000 years old. A child mummy is found high in the Andes and the archaeologist says the child lived more than 2,000 years ago. How do scientists know how old an object or human remains are? What methods do they use and how do these methods work? In this article, we will examine the methods by which scientists use radioactivity to determine the age of objects, most notably carbon-14 dating .



WHO'S ON FIRST?



A RELATIVE DATING ACTIVITY



MARSHA BARBER and DIANA SCHEIDLE BARTOS



INTRODUCTION



PALEONTOLOGY, AND in particular the study of dinosaurs, is an exciting topic to people of all ages. Although most attention in today's world focuses on dinosaurs and why they became extinct, the world of paleontology includes many other interesting organisms which tell us about Earth's past history. The study of fossils and the exploration of what they tell scientists about past climates and environments on Earth can be an interesting study for students of all ages.



Teaching about Earth's history is a challenge for all teachers. Time factors of millions and billions of years is difficult even for adults to comprehend. However, "relative" dating or time can be an easy concept for students to learn.



In this activity, students begin a sequencing activity with familiar items — letters written on cards. Once they are able to manipulate the cards into the correct sequence, they are asked to do a similar sequencing activity using fossil pictures printed on "rock layer" cards. Sequencing the rock layers will show students how paleontologists use fossils to give relative dates to rock strata.



Once students begin to grasp "relative" dating, they can extend their knowledge of geologic time by exploring radiometric dating and developing a timeline of Earth's history. These major concepts are part of the Denver Earth Science Project's "Paleontology and Dinosaurs" module written for students in grades 7-10. The module is an integrated unit which addresses the following National Science Education Standards:



*Science as Inquiry: Students develop the abilities necessary to do scientific inquiry — identify questions, design and conduct scientific investigations, use appropriate tools and technologies to gather, analyze and interpret data, think critically and logically to make the relationships between evidence and explanations, communicate results, and use mathematics in all aspects of scientific inquiry. *Life Science: Fossils indicate that many organisms that lived long ago are extinct. Extinction of species is common; most of the species that have lived on the earth no longer exist. *Earth and Space Science: Fossils provide important evidence of how life and environmental conditions have changed.



The complete "Paleontology and Dinosaurs" module takes approximately four weeks to teach. The "Who's On First?" activity is a 30-minute introduction to geologic time.



WHO'S ON FIRST? RELATIVE DATING (Student Activity)



INTRODUCTION



Scientists have good evidence that the earth is very old, approximately four and one-half billion years old. Scientific measurements such as radiometric dating use the natural radioactivity of certain elements found in rocks to help determine their age. Scientists also use direct evidence from observations of the rock layers themselves to help determine the relative age of rock layers. Specific rock formations are indicative of a particular type of environment existing when the rock was being formed. For example, most limestones represent marine environments, whereas, sandstones with ripple marks might indicate a shoreline habitat or a riverbed.



The study and comparison of exposed rock layers or strata in various parts of the earth led scientists in the early 19th century to propose that the rock layers could be correlated from place to place. Locally, physical characteristics of rocks can be compared and correlated. On a larger scale, even between continents, fossil evidence can help in correlating rock layers. The Law of Superposition, which states that in an undisturbed horizontal sequence of rocks, the oldest rock layers will be on the bottom, with successively younger rocks on top of these, helps geologists correlate rock layers around the world. This also means that fossils found in the lowest levels in a sequence of layered rocks represent the oldest record of life there. By matching partial sequences, the truly oldest layers with fossils can be worked out.



By correlating fossils from various parts of the world, scientists are able to give relative ages to particular strata. This is called relative dating. Relative dating tells scientists if a rock layer is "older" or "younger" than another. This would also mean that fossils found in the deepest layer of rocks in an area would represent the oldest forms of life in that particular rock formation. In reading earth history, these layers would be "read" from bottom to top or oldest to most recent. If certain fossils are typically found only in a particular rock unit and are found in many places worldwide, they may be useful as index or guide fossils in determining the age of undated strata. By using this information from rock formations in various parts of the world and correlating the studies, scientists have been able to establish the geologic time scale. This relative time scale divides the vast amount of earth history into various sections based on geological events (sea encroachments, mountain-building, and depositional events), and notable biological events (appearance, relative abundance, or extinction of certain life forms).



Objectives: When you complete this activity, you will be able to: (1) sequence information using items which overlap specific sets; (2) relate sequencing to the Law of Superposition; and (3) show how fossils can be used to give relative dates to rock layers.



Materials: two sets of sequence cards in random order (set A. nonsense syllables; set B. sketches of fossils), pencil, paper



Procedure Set A:



1) Spread the cards with the nonsense syllables on the table and determine the correct sequence of the eight cards by comparing letters that are common to individual cards and, therefore, overlap. The first card in the sequence has "Card 1, Set A" in the lower left-hand corner and represents the bottom of the sequence. If the letters "T" and "C" represent fossils in the oldest rock layer, they are the oldest fossils, or the first fossils formed in the past for this sequence of rock layers.



2. Now, look for a card that has either a "T" or "C" written on it. Since this card has a common letter with the first card, it must go on top of the "TC" card. The fossils represented by the letters on this card are "younger" than the "T" or "C" fossils on the "TC" card which represents fossils in the oldest rock layer. Sequence the remaining cards by using the same process. When you finish, you should have a vertical stack of cards with the top card representing the youngest fossils of this rock sequence and the "TC" card at the bottom of the stack representing the oldest fossils.



Interpretation Questions:



1) After you have arranged the cards in order, write your sequence of letters (using each letter only once) on a separate piece of paper. Starting with the top card, the letters should be in order from youngest to oldest.



2) How do you know that "X" is older than "M"?



3) Explain why "D" in the rock layer represented by DM is the same age as "M."



4) Explain why "D" in the rock layer represented by OXD is older than "D" in the rock layer represented by DM.



Procedure Set B:



1) Carefully examine the second set of cards which have sketches of fossils on them. Each card represents a particular rock layer with a collection of fossils that are found in that particular rock stratum. All of the fossils represented would be found in sedimentary rocks of marine origin. Figure 2-A gives some background information on the individual fossils.



2) The oldest rock layer is marked with the letter "M" in the lower left-hand corner. The letters on the other cards have no significance to the sequencing procedure and should be ignored at this time. Find a rock layer that has at least one of the fossils you found in the oldest rock layer. This rock layer would be younger as indicated by the appearance of new fossils in the rock stratum. Keep in mind that extinction is forever. Once an organism disappears from the sequence it cannot reappear later. Use this information to sequence the cards in a vertical stack of fossils in rock strata. Arrange them from oldest to youngest with the oldest layer on the bottom and the youngest on top.



Interpretation Questions:



1) Using the letters printed in the lower left-hand corner of each card, write the sequence of letters from the youngest layer to the oldest layer (i. e. from the top of the vertical stack to the bottom). This will enable your teacher to quickly check whether you have the correct sequence.



2) Which fossil organisms could possibly be used as index fossils?



3) Name three organisms represented that probably could not be used as index fossils and explain why.



4) In what kinds of rocks might you find the fossils from this activity?



5) State the Law of Superposition and explain how this activity illustrates this law.



Figure 2-A. Sketches of Marine Fossil Organisms (Not to Scale)



Radiometric dating



Radiometric dating (often called radioactive dating ) is a technique used to date materials such as rocks or carbon, usually based on a comparison between the observed abundance of a naturally occurring radioactive isotope and its decay products, using known decay rates. [ 1 ] The use of radiometric dating was first published in 1907 by Bertram Boltwood [ 2 ] and is now the principal source of information about the absolute age of rocks and other geological features, including the age of the Earth itself, and can be used to date a wide range of natural and man-made materials. Together with stratigraphic principles. radiometric dating methods are used in geochronology to establish the geological time scale. [ 3 ] Among the best-known techniques are radiocarbon dating. potassium-argon dating and uranium-lead dating. By allowing the establishment of geological timescales, it provides a significant source of information about the ages of fossils and the deduced rates of evolutionary change. Radiometric dating is also used to date archaeological materials, including ancient artifacts.



Different methods of radiometric dating vary in the timescale over which they are accurate and the materials to which they can be applied.



Radioactive decay [ edit ]



Example of a radioactive decay chain from lead-212 ( 212 Pb) to lead-208 ( 208 Pb). Each parent nuclide spontaneously decays into a daughter nuclide (the decay product ) via an ? decay or a ? ? decay. The final decay product, lead-208 ( 208 Pb), is stable and can no longer undergo spontaneous radioactive decay.



All ordinary matter is made up of combinations of chemical elements. each with its own atomic number. indicating the number of protons in the atomic nucleus. Additionally, elements may exist in different isotopes. with each isotope of an element differing in the number of neutrons in the nucleus. A particular isotope of a particular element is called a nuclide. Some nuclides are inherently unstable. That is, at some point in time, an atom of such a nuclide will undergo radioactive decay and spontaneously transform into a different nuclide. This transformation may be accomplished in a number of different ways, including alpha decay (emission of alpha particles ) and beta decay (electron emission, positron emission, or electron capture ). Another possibility is spontaneous fission into two or more nuclides.



For most radioactive nuclides, the half-life depends solely on nuclear properties and is essentially a constant. It is not affected by external factors such as temperature. pressure. chemical environment, or presence of a magnetic or electric field. [ 4 ] [ 5 ] [ 6 ] The only exceptions are nuclides that decay by the process of electron capture. such as beryllium-7. strontium-85. and zirconium-89. whose decay rate may be affected by local electron density. For all other nuclides, the proportion of the original nuclide to its decay products changes in a predictable way as the original nuclide decays over time. This predictability allows the relative abundances of related nuclides to be used as a clock to measure the time from the incorporation of the original nuclides into a material to the present.



Age of the Earth



The age of the Earth is 4.54 ± 0.05 billion years (4.54 ? 10 9 years ± 1%). [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] This age is based on evidence from radiometric age dating of meteorite material and is consistent with the ages of the oldest-known terrestrial and lunar samples .



Following the scientific revolution and the development of radiometric age dating, measurements of lead in uranium-rich minerals showed that some were in excess of a billion years old. [ 4 ] The oldest such minerals analyzed to date – small crystals of zircon from the Jack Hills of Western Australia  – are at least 4.404 billion years old. [ 5 ] [ 6 ] [ 7 ] Comparing the mass and luminosity of the Sun to those of other stars. it appears that the solar system cannot be much older than those rocks. Calcium-aluminium-rich inclusions  – the oldest known solid constituents within meteorites that are formed within the solar system – are 4.567 billion years old, [ 8 ] [ 9 ] giving an age for the solar system and an upper limit for the age of Earth .



It is hypothesised that the accretion of Earth began soon after the formation of the calcium-aluminium-rich inclusions and the meteorites. Because the exact amount of time this accretion process took is not yet known, and the predictions from different accretion models range from a few millions up to about 100 million years, the exact age of Earth is difficult to determine. It is also difficult to determine the exact age of the oldest rocks on Earth, exposed at the surface, as they are aggregates of minerals of possibly different ages.



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Misusing Darwin: How Misunderstanding “Survival of the Fittest” Makes us Unfit for Survival



Posted on February 22, 2009 by Madronna Holden



Updated 4.26.2014



“Never use the words higher and lower”.



“Perhaps there is no coincidence that amoeba, insects, animals, the human culture and society, generally follow innate rules of cooperation. Darwin’s explanation of evolution as a struggle for existence needs to be tempered with an acknowledgment of the importance of cooperation in the evolution of complexity.”



–Thomas P. Zwaka, cellular biologist



“To decide that people are the highest, most evolved species… reflects more the strongman logic of human beings than the true state of nature.”



“Few tragedies can be more extensive than the stunting of life; few injustices deeper than the denial of an opportunity to strive or even to hope by a limit imposed from without [by science misused].”



Stephen Jay Gould, The Mismeasure of Man



“Those communities which included the greatest number of the most sympathetic members would flourish best and rear the greatest number of offspring.”



Charles Darwin The Descent of Man



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Charles Darwin was a meticulous observer of the natural world in his seminal Origin of the Species. But he left a problematic legacy when he turned to the analysis of human society in his Descent of Man. On the one hand, we see his emphasis on the importance of cooperation in the development of human societies in the quote above. On the other hand, he violated his own scientific precepts, such as “never use the words higher or lower” in his analysis of particular societies as being “below” those of Europeans in development.



As Japanese “natural farmer” Masanobu Fukuoka, observed, an essential question in the hierarchical notion “survival of the fittest” is who decides what is “higher and lower”– and by what criteria. Humans who decide they are the highest and best products of evolution use criteria like human intelligence to come to this conclusion.



But as Darwin himself noted, the bee would undoubtedly use a very different critierion.



Darwin also noted that cooperation is far more important than competition in the working of natural systems, whereas social Darwinism – in the guise of Manifest Destiny, for instance, emphasizes competition and thus justifies conquest.



More troubling even than its sloppy science is how social Darwinism asserts that societies on the side of “progress” are destined to overcome and replace others as a matter of natural (or divine) law. It also asserts that impoverished classes are responsible for their own problems. In this theory, even the children of the poor become “less fit”– and thus their hunger or poor schooling can be ignored. This view contorts the idea of natural selection for sake of what Val Plumwood termed “dominator” societies.



Indeed, it misuses the scientific understanding of natural evolution to refurbish a notion rooted in ancient colonial history-in Aristotle’s declaration that slaves are slaves by nature, just as masters are masters. And “civilizations” or “advanced” societies have the natural license to take over the lands of others and impose their way of life on them. Darwin himself is complicit in this misunderstanding, since his own social conclusions (as opposed to his natural science investigations) included the unsupported statement that “males are more evolutionarily advanced than females” .



Such hierarchical dualism–dividing the world into male and female, poor and rich, civilization and “savage” as the higher and lower Darwin cautions himself to avoid, describes much of the history of modern nation states. But it is not the narrative that describes natural selection. Indeed, human societies that behave in this fashion are comparatively short lived.



The untold part of this story is the way in which the overrun and eliminate idea of “survival of the fittest” makes those who hold it unfit for survival.



Ignoring Natural Limits



The historical experience of exploiting other lands and societies sets up the general practice of living beyond one’s limits. The cataclysmic result is indicated in Overshoot, reviewed in Rachel’s Environmental Weekly for February 12, 2009-a fitting essay with which to commemorate Darwin’s 200 th birthday. Overshoot details the ways in which humans have temporarily increased the carrying capacity of the land (its ability to support human populations) by using up past resources (such as oil that takes millions of years to produce and minerals that will never be replaced) and future resources (ones necessary to the lives of our children).



Colonialism and certain dynamics of modern globalization encourage such “overshooting”, when some nations exploit the resources of others in order to survive, rather than living on their own natural budgets.



Ultimately however, an overshooting society runs out of “ghost acreage” on which to rely-and must face the dilemma of supporting an overblown population on ravaged natural systems.



In short, it inevitably crashes.



Social violence and unrest



Societies with beliefs in heroic conquest and legitimized oppression are fraught with internal dissension. As a result, they are the most short-lived societies in human history. They are fortunate to eke out a few hundred years before their collapse, as opposed to tens of thousands of years of longevity of certain indigenous societies.



Decreasing natural and cultural diversity



The thrust of natural evolution is to increase diversity–as Herbert Spengler, modern author of the theory of “social Darwinism”, acknowledged– though he failed to address how Manifest Destiny itself ran counter to such diversity in replacing hundreds of other human cultures with colonial ones on the North American and African continents.



In the modern industrial era, globalization directed by”mal-developed” nations (as Vandana Shiva has called them) use technological fixes unresponsive to unique ecological landscapes. Modern global development too often directly counters diversity in its emphasis on mono-technology (as in mono-cropping), as it attempts to adapt all landscapes to such one-size-fits-all subsistence strategies.



But diversification is necessary to natural selection. More choices allow more opportunities for natural selection and diverse systems are more resilient in the face of stress than homogenous ones. Place-sensitive small farming is more resilient to drought and disease than large scale industrial farming, for instance.



But modern globalization homogenizes both culture and place. No McDonald’s is different from any other-no matter what the landscape on which it sits. Modern development results in the replacement of perhaps millions of other species with the human one. As Murray Bookchin argues, this is not progress but reverse evolution.



Ignorance of adaptive processes



Darwin’s theory tells us that natural selection operates through the adaptation of species to their environments. But this is hardly the same thing as the simple elimination of physically (or militarily) weak by those who are physically stronger.



Adaptation is a far different thing from seizure or reshaping of the land or control of its life systems. Adaptation is a two-way process. In order for there to be successful adaptation of the land to human needs, there must also be successful adaptation of humans to the land.



Physical power, that is, is not commensurate with adaptation. If the predator wipes out all its prey, it wipes out its own means of survival. Predators must have a complementary relationship with their prey in order for that relationship to be adaptive.



Ultimately, as Bookchin and Val Plumwood both observe, the sustainable predator-prey relationship is a balanced or egalitarian one. In any ecological system, even the “top predator” is eventually eaten as well as eater. In this way energy and resources are recirculated: the life that we borrow from the natural system, as Plumwood puts it, goes back to the pool of life from whence it came.



In modern society, we try to avoid consciousness of the reciprocal natural of this process, Plumwood also notes, by embalming human bodies as if we could lift them out of the natural cycle. But we aren’t doing either nature or ourselves any favor here. We thus enforce ignorance of the systems upon which we rely for survival-and turning cemeteries into toxic waste dumps, since the only way to stop decomposition of a human body is to fill it with poison.



An added irony here is that top predators are more vulnerable to the toxics we release in our environment today than are those lower on the food chain. Such toxics concentrate as they move up the food chain. If, as the saying goes, it’s lonely at the top, it’s dangerous there too. This is only one way in which top predators are more fragile than their complements who live lower on the food chain.



Denied dependency on sources of survival



In any system based on domination, those at the top deny their dependency on the ones at the bottom, as Plumwood has also analyzed in detail. Thus the slave owners in the Old South devalued the real contribution of slaves to their “civilization”. And the household labor of women is not financially compensated-as if it were worth nothing.



In worldviews marked by hierarchy and domination, humans also ignore and render invisible their dependency on the natural life that they deemed “lower” than humanity. The ignorance of our dependency on natural systems allows us to blithely undermine our means of survival.



Denied vulnerability and bonding



There are other ways in which the overrun and overcome model of “survival of the fittest” blinds its holder to the actual workings of social and ecological relationships. In terms of this model, there is no benefit in being vulnerable to others. But in human societies, the links between vulnerability and bonding bring us culture itself. Just as the long dependency period of human children allows them to learn their culture, the physical vulnerability of elders puts them in a position to pass on cultural information.



As an added note to those who would link survival of the fittest to the sociobiological perspective that sees natural behavior primarily motivated by passing one’s genes around, there is the fact that in some societies social fathering is more important than genetic fathering. That is, identifying the actual genetic father of a child is of little consequence, and the man who nurtures a child and passes on personal has the real status as “father”.



Humans are not the only ones to whom things other than physical strength count in the social arena. Dog and wolf packs will often defer to an older, more experienced animal in spite of its relative physical weakness or smaller stature.



Loss of achievement through competition



Contrary to the competitive notion of survival of the fittest, competition does not always breed achievement-including the transmission of genes. Take the case of the red deer of Ireland. Their fight to the death amidst clashing of antlers embodies our myth of the young stag who replaces the older and weaker one. But observation of the actual breeding habits of these deer indicates that while the more aggressive stags are fighting (often to the death), the other deer are breeding.



Similarly, in a recent study on biso n University of California researchers found that the bulls with the quietest calls are the ones most likely to breed. Megan Wyman, the study’s lead author, speculates that these bulls keep a “low profile” in order to avoid a fight that would cause them to lose access to females.



In yet another examples, a PBS documentary on the wolves of Yellowstone illustrates the breeding success of a wolf observers dubbed “Casanova” because he was so interested in breeding– but careful to avoid all fights with his peers. When the alpha wolves of his clan were killed by other aggressive wolves, he wound up being the only male to pass on his genes. A recent interview with a researcher on NPR revealed that DNA analysis verified that alpha baboons were passing on their genes far less frequently than baboons of less status that were “pals” with females.



These instances illustrate how natural selection may take more aggressive individuals out of the gene pool.



I am not saying this always happens– but I am saying the formula physical-dominance - equals-breeding is far too simplistic to explain what happens within a species, much less in whole ecological systems.



As for another wolf-related species with which we are intimately familiar, Temple Grandin, in her book Animals Make us Human has recently argued the scientific case that those who see dogs in the wild as having dominance hierarchies are decidedly wrong. She undercuts the notion of the “alpha” dog with considerable data. She does not dispute that those dogs living in human homes in contact with multiple other dogs in crowded conditions might express hierarchies as a method of maintaining order. She only insists that such cannot be attributed to the nature of dogs.



In the human arena, psychologist Alfie Kohn has written several books on the importance of altruism and cooperation. His findings are summed up in a popular article called “How to Succeed without even Vying”, in which he tells the story of his search for an experiment that indicated competition improved performance. He couldn’t find any-in spite of the fact that many experimenters set up their work to support the positive effects of competition.



Their results indicated that competition actually hampered performance. Kohn speculates that the energy siphoned off in worrying about getting the other guy subtracts from performance, whereas cooperation adds energy to groups endeavors.



Fostering Illness rather than Health



On the basis of their research, geneticists in a recent essay in Science proposed that we define health in the physical body, natural systems, and social systems as cooperation– and illness in those same arenas as competition.



Their research indicates that cells in the healthy mammal body operate on complex cooperative dynamics–but when a sick cell leaves the cooperative cycle– and begins competing with others on an individualistic basis– we get illnesses such as cancer.



The Alternative: Survival of those who fit in



There is an alternative model to competitive or aggressive interpretations of “survival of the fittest” expressed by long-lived societies who perceive human fitness for survival as “fitting into country”, in the words of indigenous Australians who explained this to anthropologist Deborah Rose. Longevity was directly linked to being “rooted to this ground” and acting with care before the “eyes” of the others who share it, as expressed by Chehalis elder Henry Cultee.



The article by Rose cites Tim Flannery’s analysis of the ecological operation of a particular Australian landscape and the resulting conclusion that “species that cooperate in large, complex systems have the best change for continuing life.”



Here is a quote from Rose, summing the knowledge she learned from her Aboriginal teachers: unlike the “theory of survival through competition, an indigenous concept of survival of the fittest denotes…[that] those who are most fit are those who know most about how to fit in… It offers a synergistic account of life in which fitness is a project shared amongst living things, rather than a scare resource to be competed for. And it brings people into country as participants rather than ‘winners’” (p. 120)



Societies who have linked survival with fitting in traditionally managed their landscapes for resilient biodiversity, based on reciprocity and mutual adaptation between humans and nature. Today these societies are in a special position to care for earth’s living systems in the face of stresses induced by industrialization, since modern indigenous peoples currently steward eighty per cent of the world’s biodiversity.



It is a misuse of the theories of a man who cautioned himself “never to use the words ‘higher’ and ‘lower” to perceive evolution as based on dominating hierarchies– especially human-established ones that falsely preach that survivors are those who wipe out and replace other natural lives.



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